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Fundamental genetics > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotic cells have a _______ nucleus, a _______ cell diameter, they have a ________ DNA molecule that ___________ with histones, the amount of DNA is __________, they have ________ membrane bound organelles and a ________ cytoskeleton

A
  • absent
  • relatively small from 1-10 um
  • one circular
  • not complexed
  • small
  • absent
  • absent
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2
Q

The _________ focuses on nuclear and cell division

A
  • M phase (mitosis)
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3
Q

The four major types of chromosomes

A
  • metacentric
  • submetacentric
  • acrocentric
  • telocentric
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4
Q

The cell must pass the _______ before starting mitosis

A
  • G2/M checkpoint
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5
Q

3 Major Groups

A

1) eubacteria
2) archaea
3) eukaryotes

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6
Q

After fertilization of spermatids(1n) and ovum(1n) a ___________ is formed

A
  • zygote
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7
Q

If 2 sister chromatids cross over what would happen?

A
  • there would be no genetic variation
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8
Q

The ___________ refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell

A
  • ploidy
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9
Q

During the _______ phase the cell is growing and metabolically active

A
  • G1 Phase
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10
Q

The _______ attach to the kinetochore for chromosome movement

A
  • spindle microtubules
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11
Q

In meiosis 2 during ___________ sister chromatids are pulled apart and become chromosomes

A
  • anaphase 2
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12
Q

In meiosis 2 during ___________ chromosomes recondense and nuclear envelope breaks down

A
  • prophase 2
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13
Q

Eukaryotes usually have _______ of chromosomes/cells that are a result of ________

A
  • 2 sets

- sexual reproduction

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14
Q

G1, S and G2 are collectively known as _________

A
  • interphase
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15
Q

Viruses

A
  • they are not cells and can only reproduce inside of a host cell
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16
Q

Prokaryotic cells lack a __________, a _________ and a __________

A
  • nucleus
  • membrane bound organelles
  • cytoskeleton
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17
Q

During the _______ phase cell synthesis occurs and once it reaches this stage the cell has to finish the cycle or die

A
  • S phase
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18
Q

The _______ is essential for movement of the chromosomes and are needed to form the _______

A
  • centromere

- kinetochore

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19
Q

In meiosis 1 during ___________ homologous pairs of chromosomes align and microtubules attach to one pair from each pole

A
  • metaphase 1
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20
Q

Meiosis has ______ nuclear division that yields _____ cells, results in the _________ number of chromosomes which occurs in ___________ and yields genetically _________ cells due to ___________

A
  • two, four
  • 1/2 number (2n->1n), anaphase 1
  • variable, crossing over/random distribution of chromosomes
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21
Q

When chromosomes arrange in a single plane it is called a _________

A
  • metaphase plate
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22
Q

At the _______ phase the cell is checked if it is ready to proceed to the S phase

A
  • G1/S checkpoint
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23
Q

Cytokinesis occurs at the same time as _________ and 2 distinct cells are formed by splitting the _________

A
  • telophase

- cytoplasm

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24
Q

During _________ DNA synthesis occurs

A
  • interphase
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25
Q

During the _______ phase the cell is in an arrested state, nondividing stage

A
  • G0 Phase
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26
Q

During _________ chromosomes condense

A
  • prophase
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27
Q

Most reproductive cells are _______ and have _______ of genetic info

A
  • haploid, 1n

- 1 set

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28
Q

Mitosis has ______ nuclear division, results in the _________ number of chromosomes and yields genetically _________ cells

A
  • single
  • same number
  • identical
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29
Q

In meiosis 1 the chromosomes are ___________

A
  • diploid
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30
Q

The nuclear membrane breaks down during ___________

A
  • prophase 1
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31
Q

The nuclear envelope disappears and microtubules contact chromatids in _________

A
  • prometaphase
32
Q

In meiosis cells are genetically distinct for 2 reasons

A
  1. Crossing over yields sister chromatids that are not identical
  2. Random distribution of chromosomes in anaphase 1
33
Q

In meiosis 1 during ___________ homologous chromosomes pair, they separate during ___________

A
  • prophase 1

- anaphase 1

34
Q

A _______ chromosome has an equal p and q arm

A
  • metacentric
35
Q

The _______ arm is the longer part of the chromosome

A
  • q arm
36
Q

A _______ chromosome has a centromere at the very end and only contains a q arm

A
  • telocentric
37
Q

The _____ arm is the shorter part of the chromosome

A
  • p arm
38
Q

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are alike in _______ and carry genetic info for the same _______

A
  • structure

- traits (ex: hair colors)

39
Q

Cells produced from meiosis are genetically ___________

A
  • distinct
40
Q

_________ is the longest phase of mitosis

A
  • prophase
41
Q

Chromosomes are composed of ________

A
  • chromatin
42
Q

After mitosis and meiosis _________ occurs

A
  • cytokinesis
43
Q

Four stages of mitosis

A

1) prophase
2) metaphase
3) anaphase
4) telophase

44
Q

_______ is the cap on the end of a chromosome that maintains its structure

A
  • telomere
45
Q

During meiosis the chromosome number ___________

A
  • reduces by 1/2
46
Q

In meiosis 1 during ___________ chromosomes arrive at spindle poles and cytoplasm divides

A
  • telophase 1
47
Q

__________ are organelles which are very important for translation

A
  • ribosomes
48
Q

During _________ chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, the nuclear membrane reforms to create 2 nuclei and the chromosomes disappear from view

A
  • telophase
49
Q

In meiosis each cell produces ___________ cells

A
  • 4
50
Q

A _______ chromosome has a slightly longer q arm than p arm

A
  • submetacentric
51
Q

During mitosis the _________ checkpoint focuses on the spindle fibers

A
  • M or Spindle Fiber assembly
52
Q

During _________ sister chromatids move toward opposites and after separation the chromatids become _________

A
  • anaphase

- chromosomes

53
Q

In meiosis 2 during ___________ nuclear envelope reforms and cytoplasm divides

A
  • telophase 2
54
Q

The ___________is the area of crossing over

A
  • chiasma
55
Q

The _______ phase is the cell growth phase in between the S phase and mitosis

A
  • G2 phase
56
Q

The _______ is the center of the chromosome that holds the two chromatids together, important for meiosis and mitosis

A
  • centromere
57
Q

Humans have _______ homologous pairs

A
  • 23
58
Q

In meiosis 2 the chromosomes are ___________

A
  • haploid
59
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce by _________

A
  • Binary fission
60
Q

During prophase, mitotic spindles form from _________

A
  • centromeres in animals only
61
Q

During oogenesis in meiosis 1 and 2 there is an unequal ___________ which results in a ___________ and ovum formation

A
  • cytokinesis

- a polar body

62
Q

In meiosis, during ___________ the nuclear membrane reforms and DNA relaxes, this occurs between ___________ and ___________

A
  • interkinesis

- anaphase 1 and metaphase 2

63
Q

_________ proteins hold and pull DNA into its shape

A
  • histones
64
Q

Plant cells have a _________, a __________ and a __________ which animal cells are lacking

A
  • vacuole
  • chloroplast
  • cell wall
65
Q

During _________ chromosomes arrange in a single plane

A
  • metaphase
66
Q

Binary fission takes only __________ to complete

A
  • 20 minutes
67
Q

A mutation in cyclin can cause _________

A
  • B cell lymphoma
68
Q

A _______chromosome has a much larger q arm than p arm

A
  • acrocentric
69
Q

Eukaryotic cells have a _______ nucleus, a _______ cell diameter, they have a ________ DNA molecule that ___________ with histones, the amount of DNA is __________, they have ________ membrane bound organelles and a ________ cytoskeleton

A
  • present
  • relatively large, 10-100 um
  • multiple linear
  • complexed
  • relatively large
  • present present
70
Q

In meiosis 1 during ___________ chromosomes condense, and crossing over occurs

A
  • prophase 1
71
Q

Binary fission results in ___________

A
  • 2 genetically identical copies
72
Q

Spindle fibers/microtubulues change length by adding or removing _________ subunits by _________

A
  • tubulin

- molecular motors

73
Q

Most eukaryotic cells are _______ and have _______ of genetic info

A
  • diploid, 2n

- 2 sets

74
Q

The cell cycle is regulates by _________ and _________

A
  • CDK and cyclin B
75
Q

Male gametogenesis (2n->1n) is referred to ___________ and female gametogenesis(2n->1n) is referred to ___________

A
  • spermatogenesis

- oogenesis

Fundamental genetics (15 decks)

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