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Fundamental genetics > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic cells have a _______ nucleus, a _______ cell diameter, they have a ________ DNA molecule that ___________ with histones, the amount of DNA is __________, they have ________ membrane bound organelles and a ________ cytoskeleton

A
  • absent
  • relatively small from 1-10 um
  • one circular
  • not complexed
  • small
  • absent
  • absent
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2
Q

The _________ focuses on nuclear and cell division

A
  • M phase (mitosis)
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3
Q

The four major types of chromosomes

A
  • metacentric
  • submetacentric
  • acrocentric
  • telocentric
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4
Q

The cell must pass the _______ before starting mitosis

A
  • G2/M checkpoint
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5
Q

3 Major Groups

A

1) eubacteria
2) archaea
3) eukaryotes

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6
Q

After fertilization of spermatids(1n) and ovum(1n) a ___________ is formed

A
  • zygote
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7
Q

If 2 sister chromatids cross over what would happen?

A
  • there would be no genetic variation
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8
Q

The ___________ refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell

A
  • ploidy
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9
Q

During the _______ phase the cell is growing and metabolically active

A
  • G1 Phase
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10
Q

The _______ attach to the kinetochore for chromosome movement

A
  • spindle microtubules
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11
Q

In meiosis 2 during ___________ sister chromatids are pulled apart and become chromosomes

A
  • anaphase 2
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12
Q

In meiosis 2 during ___________ chromosomes recondense and nuclear envelope breaks down

A
  • prophase 2
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13
Q

Eukaryotes usually have _______ of chromosomes/cells that are a result of ________

A
  • 2 sets

- sexual reproduction

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14
Q

G1, S and G2 are collectively known as _________

A
  • interphase
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15
Q

Viruses

A
  • they are not cells and can only reproduce inside of a host cell
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16
Q

Prokaryotic cells lack a __________, a _________ and a __________

A
  • nucleus
  • membrane bound organelles
  • cytoskeleton
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17
Q

During the _______ phase cell synthesis occurs and once it reaches this stage the cell has to finish the cycle or die

A
  • S phase
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18
Q

The _______ is essential for movement of the chromosomes and are needed to form the _______

A
  • centromere

- kinetochore

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19
Q

In meiosis 1 during ___________ homologous pairs of chromosomes align and microtubules attach to one pair from each pole

A
  • metaphase 1
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20
Q

Meiosis has ______ nuclear division that yields _____ cells, results in the _________ number of chromosomes which occurs in ___________ and yields genetically _________ cells due to ___________

A
  • two, four
  • 1/2 number (2n->1n), anaphase 1
  • variable, crossing over/random distribution of chromosomes
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21
Q

When chromosomes arrange in a single plane it is called a _________

A
  • metaphase plate
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22
Q

At the _______ phase the cell is checked if it is ready to proceed to the S phase

A
  • G1/S checkpoint
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23
Q

Cytokinesis occurs at the same time as _________ and 2 distinct cells are formed by splitting the _________

A
  • telophase

- cytoplasm

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24
Q

During _________ DNA synthesis occurs

A
  • interphase
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25
During the _______ phase the cell is in an arrested state, nondividing stage
- G0 Phase
26
During _________ chromosomes condense
- prophase
27
Most reproductive cells are _______ and have _______ of genetic info
- haploid, 1n | - 1 set
28
Mitosis has ______ nuclear division, results in the _________ number of chromosomes and yields genetically _________ cells
- single - same number - identical
29
In meiosis 1 the chromosomes are ___________
- diploid
30
The nuclear membrane breaks down during ___________
- prophase 1
31
The nuclear envelope disappears and microtubules contact chromatids in _________
- prometaphase
32
In meiosis cells are genetically distinct for 2 reasons
1. Crossing over yields sister chromatids that are not identical 2. Random distribution of chromosomes in anaphase 1
33
In meiosis 1 during ___________ homologous chromosomes pair, they separate during ___________
- prophase 1 | - anaphase 1
34
A _______ chromosome has an equal p and q arm
- metacentric
35
The _______ arm is the longer part of the chromosome
- q arm
36
A _______ chromosome has a centromere at the very end and only contains a q arm
- telocentric
37
The _____ arm is the shorter part of the chromosome
- p arm
38
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are alike in _______ and carry genetic info for the same _______
- structure | - traits (ex: hair colors)
39
Cells produced from meiosis are genetically ___________
- distinct
40
_________ is the longest phase of mitosis
- prophase
41
Chromosomes are composed of ________
- chromatin
42
After mitosis and meiosis _________ occurs
- cytokinesis
43
Four stages of mitosis
1) prophase 2) metaphase 3) anaphase 4) telophase
44
_______ is the cap on the end of a chromosome that maintains its structure
- telomere
45
During meiosis the chromosome number ___________
- reduces by 1/2
46
In meiosis 1 during ___________ chromosomes arrive at spindle poles and cytoplasm divides
- telophase 1
47
__________ are organelles which are very important for translation
- ribosomes
48
During _________ chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, the nuclear membrane reforms to create 2 nuclei and the chromosomes disappear from view
- telophase
49
In meiosis each cell produces ___________ cells
- 4
50
A _______ chromosome has a slightly longer q arm than p arm
- submetacentric
51
During mitosis the _________ checkpoint focuses on the spindle fibers
- M or Spindle Fiber assembly
52
During _________ sister chromatids move toward opposites and after separation the chromatids become _________
- anaphase | - chromosomes
53
In meiosis 2 during ___________ nuclear envelope reforms and cytoplasm divides
- telophase 2
54
The ___________is the area of crossing over
- chiasma
55
The _______ phase is the cell growth phase in between the S phase and mitosis
- G2 phase
56
The _______ is the center of the chromosome that holds the two chromatids together, important for meiosis and mitosis
- centromere
57
Humans have _______ homologous pairs
- 23
58
In meiosis 2 the chromosomes are ___________
- haploid
59
Prokaryotes reproduce by _________
- Binary fission
60
During prophase, mitotic spindles form from _________
- centromeres in animals only
61
During oogenesis in meiosis 1 and 2 there is an unequal ___________ which results in a ___________ and ovum formation
- cytokinesis | - a polar body
62
In meiosis, during ___________ the nuclear membrane reforms and DNA relaxes, this occurs between ___________ and ___________
- interkinesis | - anaphase 1 and metaphase 2
63
_________ proteins hold and pull DNA into its shape
- histones
64
Plant cells have a _________, a __________ and a __________ which animal cells are lacking
- vacuole - chloroplast - cell wall
65
During _________ chromosomes arrange in a single plane
- metaphase
66
Binary fission takes only __________ to complete
- 20 minutes
67
A mutation in cyclin can cause _________
- B cell lymphoma
68
A _______chromosome has a much larger q arm than p arm
- acrocentric
69
Eukaryotic cells have a _______ nucleus, a _______ cell diameter, they have a ________ DNA molecule that ___________ with histones, the amount of DNA is __________, they have ________ membrane bound organelles and a ________ cytoskeleton
- present - relatively large, 10-100 um - multiple linear - complexed - relatively large - present present
70
In meiosis 1 during ___________ chromosomes condense, and crossing over occurs
- prophase 1
71
Binary fission results in ___________
- 2 genetically identical copies
72
Spindle fibers/microtubulues change length by adding or removing _________ subunits by _________
- tubulin | - molecular motors
73
Most eukaryotic cells are _______ and have _______ of genetic info
- diploid, 2n | - 2 sets
74
The cell cycle is regulates by _________ and _________
- CDK and cyclin B
75
Male gametogenesis (2n->1n) is referred to ___________ and female gametogenesis(2n->1n) is referred to ___________
- spermatogenesis | - oogenesis

Fundamental genetics (15 decks)

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