Chapter 2 Flashcards
Prokaryotic cells have a _______ nucleus, a _______ cell diameter, they have a ________ DNA molecule that ___________ with histones, the amount of DNA is __________, they have ________ membrane bound organelles and a ________ cytoskeleton
- absent
- relatively small from 1-10 um
- one circular
- not complexed
- small
- absent
- absent
The _________ focuses on nuclear and cell division
- M phase (mitosis)
The four major types of chromosomes
- metacentric
- submetacentric
- acrocentric
- telocentric
The cell must pass the _______ before starting mitosis
- G2/M checkpoint
3 Major Groups
1) eubacteria
2) archaea
3) eukaryotes
After fertilization of spermatids(1n) and ovum(1n) a ___________ is formed
- zygote
If 2 sister chromatids cross over what would happen?
- there would be no genetic variation
The ___________ refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell
- ploidy
During the _______ phase the cell is growing and metabolically active
- G1 Phase
The _______ attach to the kinetochore for chromosome movement
- spindle microtubules
In meiosis 2 during ___________ sister chromatids are pulled apart and become chromosomes
- anaphase 2
In meiosis 2 during ___________ chromosomes recondense and nuclear envelope breaks down
- prophase 2
Eukaryotes usually have _______ of chromosomes/cells that are a result of ________
- 2 sets
- sexual reproduction
G1, S and G2 are collectively known as _________
- interphase
Viruses
- they are not cells and can only reproduce inside of a host cell
Prokaryotic cells lack a __________, a _________ and a __________
- nucleus
- membrane bound organelles
- cytoskeleton
During the _______ phase cell synthesis occurs and once it reaches this stage the cell has to finish the cycle or die
- S phase
The _______ is essential for movement of the chromosomes and are needed to form the _______
- centromere
- kinetochore
In meiosis 1 during ___________ homologous pairs of chromosomes align and microtubules attach to one pair from each pole
- metaphase 1
Meiosis has ______ nuclear division that yields _____ cells, results in the _________ number of chromosomes which occurs in ___________ and yields genetically _________ cells due to ___________
- two, four
- 1/2 number (2n->1n), anaphase 1
- variable, crossing over/random distribution of chromosomes
When chromosomes arrange in a single plane it is called a _________
- metaphase plate
At the _______ phase the cell is checked if it is ready to proceed to the S phase
- G1/S checkpoint
Cytokinesis occurs at the same time as _________ and 2 distinct cells are formed by splitting the _________
- telophase
- cytoplasm
During _________ DNA synthesis occurs
- interphase
During the _______ phase the cell is in an arrested state, nondividing stage
- G0 Phase
During _________ chromosomes condense
- prophase
Most reproductive cells are _______ and have _______ of genetic info
- haploid, 1n
- 1 set
Mitosis has ______ nuclear division, results in the _________ number of chromosomes and yields genetically _________ cells
- single
- same number
- identical
In meiosis 1 the chromosomes are ___________
- diploid
The nuclear membrane breaks down during ___________
- prophase 1
The nuclear envelope disappears and microtubules contact chromatids in _________
- prometaphase
In meiosis cells are genetically distinct for 2 reasons
- Crossing over yields sister chromatids that are not identical
- Random distribution of chromosomes in anaphase 1
In meiosis 1 during ___________ homologous chromosomes pair, they separate during ___________
- prophase 1
- anaphase 1
A _______ chromosome has an equal p and q arm
- metacentric
The _______ arm is the longer part of the chromosome
- q arm
A _______ chromosome has a centromere at the very end and only contains a q arm
- telocentric
The _____ arm is the shorter part of the chromosome
- p arm
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are alike in _______ and carry genetic info for the same _______
- structure
- traits (ex: hair colors)
Cells produced from meiosis are genetically ___________
- distinct
_________ is the longest phase of mitosis
- prophase
Chromosomes are composed of ________
- chromatin
After mitosis and meiosis _________ occurs
- cytokinesis
Four stages of mitosis
1) prophase
2) metaphase
3) anaphase
4) telophase
_______ is the cap on the end of a chromosome that maintains its structure
- telomere
During meiosis the chromosome number ___________
- reduces by 1/2
In meiosis 1 during ___________ chromosomes arrive at spindle poles and cytoplasm divides
- telophase 1
__________ are organelles which are very important for translation
- ribosomes
During _________ chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, the nuclear membrane reforms to create 2 nuclei and the chromosomes disappear from view
- telophase
In meiosis each cell produces ___________ cells
- 4
A _______ chromosome has a slightly longer q arm than p arm
- submetacentric
During mitosis the _________ checkpoint focuses on the spindle fibers
- M or Spindle Fiber assembly
During _________ sister chromatids move toward opposites and after separation the chromatids become _________
- anaphase
- chromosomes
In meiosis 2 during ___________ nuclear envelope reforms and cytoplasm divides
- telophase 2
The ___________is the area of crossing over
- chiasma
The _______ phase is the cell growth phase in between the S phase and mitosis
- G2 phase
The _______ is the center of the chromosome that holds the two chromatids together, important for meiosis and mitosis
- centromere
Humans have _______ homologous pairs
- 23
In meiosis 2 the chromosomes are ___________
- haploid
Prokaryotes reproduce by _________
- Binary fission
During prophase, mitotic spindles form from _________
- centromeres in animals only
During oogenesis in meiosis 1 and 2 there is an unequal ___________ which results in a ___________ and ovum formation
- cytokinesis
- a polar body
In meiosis, during ___________ the nuclear membrane reforms and DNA relaxes, this occurs between ___________ and ___________
- interkinesis
- anaphase 1 and metaphase 2
_________ proteins hold and pull DNA into its shape
- histones
Plant cells have a _________, a __________ and a __________ which animal cells are lacking
- vacuole
- chloroplast
- cell wall
During _________ chromosomes arrange in a single plane
- metaphase
Binary fission takes only __________ to complete
- 20 minutes
A mutation in cyclin can cause _________
- B cell lymphoma
A _______chromosome has a much larger q arm than p arm
- acrocentric
Eukaryotic cells have a _______ nucleus, a _______ cell diameter, they have a ________ DNA molecule that ___________ with histones, the amount of DNA is __________, they have ________ membrane bound organelles and a ________ cytoskeleton
- present
- relatively large, 10-100 um
- multiple linear
- complexed
- relatively large
- present present
In meiosis 1 during ___________ chromosomes condense, and crossing over occurs
- prophase 1
Binary fission results in ___________
- 2 genetically identical copies
Spindle fibers/microtubulues change length by adding or removing _________ subunits by _________
- tubulin
- molecular motors
Most eukaryotic cells are _______ and have _______ of genetic info
- diploid, 2n
- 2 sets
The cell cycle is regulates by _________ and _________
- CDK and cyclin B
Male gametogenesis (2n->1n) is referred to ___________ and female gametogenesis(2n->1n) is referred to ___________
- spermatogenesis
- oogenesis
