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Fundamental genetics > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The phenotypic ratio of a heterozygous/homozygous cross is ______

A
  • 1:1
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2
Q

Addition rule

A
  • the probability of one of two or more mutually exclusive events
  • get same denominator then add
  • “either, or”
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3
Q

Walter sutton and theodor boveri developed __________

A
  • the chromosomal theory of heredity
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4
Q

Crosses of organisms that differ in two characteristics is a _________

A
  • dihybrid cross
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5
Q

To run a test cross you cross an individual with an _______ genotype with a ______ geneotype

A
  • unknown

- homozygous recessive

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6
Q

Autosomal recessive traits

A
  • recessive traits generally skip generations

* start at the bottom most affected individual

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7
Q

In a dihybrid cross Mendel always got a phenotypic ratio of________

A
  • 9:3:3:1
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8
Q

The _________ says that each individual diploid organism possesses two alleles for any particular characteristic. Two alleles ______ into gametes and this occurs randomly in equal proportions

A
  • principle of segregation (Mendels first law)

- segregate

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9
Q

Roll dice once, whats the probability of getting either a 5 or a 6

A
  • 1/6 of getting a 5
  • 1/6 chance of getting a 6
    1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6, or 1/3
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10
Q

A ________ is the appearance or manifestation of a character

A
  • phenotype or trait
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11
Q

degrees of freedom (df)

A 
df= n-1
n= number of different phenotypes
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12
Q

Only _______ is inherited

A
  • genotype
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13
Q

________ and _______ discovered that homologous pairs of chromosomes consist of one maternal and one paternal

A
  • walter sutton and theodor boveri
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14
Q

Mendels effectiveness was due to

A
  1. Choice of subject - easy to grow, grows rapidly
  2. Had genetically pure stocks of diff types of peas to start studies
  3. Avoided characters that exhibited variation
  4. Used “experimental approach” - hypothesis driven
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15
Q

________ recessive traits are never passed down from father to son

A
  • X-linked
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16
Q

A _________ can be achieved by setting out the proportions of genotypes and phenotypes for each allele pair and connecting these to the proportions of the other allele pairs, a branch or web of genotypes or phenotypes can be constructed

A
  • brach diagram
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17
Q

All 7 characteristics mendel studied yields a _______ ratio in the F2 generatiom

A
  • 3:1 ratio
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18
Q

In F1 only ______ phenotype shows up whereas in F2 ______ phenotypes show up in a _______ ratio

A
  • one
  • both
  • 3 dominant :1 recessive phenotype
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19
Q

What is it called if you cross the other direction?

A
  • reciprocal cross
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20
Q

What is the probability of these (Aa) parents having 3 kids, 1 with albinism(aa) and 2 without

A
  • birth order matters bc there are diff children that can have it, it could be the first, second or third
    ANS 27/64
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21
Q

A _____ is an individual possessing two of the same alleles at a locus

A
  • homozygote
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22
Q

For principle of independent assortment to work the characters must be located on ________

A
  • different chromosomes
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23
Q

Consanguinity (incest) is indicated by __________

A
  • a double line
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24
Q

In a ________ parents differ in a single characteristic

A
  • monohybrid cross
25
Q

The __________ states that alleles at different loci separate independently of one another

A
  • principle of independent assortment
26
Q

During _______ two alleles separate when gametes are formed, one allele to each gamete one from both parents and separate with equal probability into gametes

A
  • segregation
27
Q

In a branch diagram you can obtain both ___________ and _________ ratios

A
  • genotypic and phenotypic
28
Q

A ______ is an attribute or feature

A
  • character or characteristic
29
Q

The chromosomal theory heredity stated that

A
  • homologous pairs segregate independently at meiosis
30
Q

A genotypic ratio for a heterozygous cross will result in a ______ ratio

A
  • 1:2:1
31
Q

Each trait has 2 different _______ that result in different traits and gives _____ possible combinations

A
  • unit factors

- 3

32
Q

In a cross of TtxTt what are the chances you get a tall plant?

A
  • Tall is TT or Tt

- 1/4 (TT) + 1/4 (Tt) + 1/4 (Tt)= 3/4

33
Q

In autosomal dominant traits they appear _______ in males and females. Unaffected individuals ______ transmit to offspring, affected individuals have a _____ parent

A
  • equally
  • do not
  • affected
34
Q

Different alleles occupy the same locus on _______ chromosomes

A
  • homologous
35
Q

The phenotypic ratio for a heterozygous cross is ________

A
  • 3:1
36
Q

If autosomal dominant fill in ___ with all unaffected individuals first

A
  • dd
37
Q

a ______ is a genetic factor that helps determine a characteristic

A
  • gene
38
Q

What is the probability of these parents (Aa) having 3 kids with albinism (aa)?

A
  • 1st child AND 2nd AND 3rd

- 1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4

39
Q

A ______ is a set of alleles that an individual possesses

A
  • genotype
40
Q

To determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios use a _________

A
  • Punnet Square
41
Q

What is the probability of rolling the die twice and getting 4 both times

A
  • independent of eachother
  • multiplication rule
  • 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36
42
Q

A ________ is an individual possessing two different alleles at a locus

A
  • heterozygote
43
Q

In a homozygous cross traits that were observed in F1 are known as ________ traits and those that disappeared are _________

A
  • dominant

- recessive

44
Q

autosomal __________ traits can not skip generations if affected

A
  • dominant
45
Q

What is the probability of getting TT offspring in a TtxTt cross

A
  • prob of T from one parent is 1/2 AND prob of T from the other 1/2
  • 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
46
Q

The Chi squared test cannot be used to.. .(1 and 2)

It can be used to…. (3)

A
  1. tell us if a cross has been done correctly
  2. tell us if the results are correct
  3. it indicates the probability that the difference between the observed and expected is due to chance
47
Q

autosomal __________ disorders are more common in consanguineous families

A
  • recessive
48
Q

Chi-Square (X^2) Test

A
  • used to determine the possibility that the difference between the observed and the expected values is due to chance
49
Q

If P >/= 0.05….

If P< .05…

A
  • differences likely caused by chance (random)

- assume chance is NOT responsible and a significant difference exists

50
Q

___________ are pictorial representations of a family history

A
  • Pedigrees
51
Q

A _____ is one of two or more alternative forms of a gene

A
  • allele
52
Q

A genotypic ratio for a heterozygous and homozygous cross is _______

A
  • 1:1
53
Q

Two alleles segregate during _______ or _______ (depends on whether or not crossing over has occurred)

A
  • anaphase 1 or 2
54
Q

Multiplication/Product Rule

A
  • events must be independent
  • use when you see the word AND
  • multiply fractions across the top then across the bottom
55
Q

Chi Squared Formula

A

X^2= (#observed-#expected)^2 / (#expected)

  • do this for all classes then add the results of both
56
Q

A ______ is a specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele

A
  • locus
57
Q

Mendel studied genetics using ________ as his subject

A
  • pea plants
58
Q

To determine whether something is homozygous or heterozygous use a ________

A
  • test cross

Fundamental genetics (15 decks)

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