Exam 1 Flashcards
Ways to be an engaged citizen
Keep up with news
Vote
Deliberating in Good Faith
Discuss with open mind Respect others opinion Expect disagreement Willing to hear alternative views Evidence is important
Information Literacy
Ability to discern reliable from unreliable sources
Rational, use logic and evidence
Apathy
Prevents democratic engaged citizenship
Barriers to communication
Demagogue
Speaker who wants audience to act on emotion, impulse and not logic
Pathos is taken to the extreme
Speaker who unethically uses persuasion and misleads audience
Plays with audience emotion
Ethos
Aristotle mode of proof
Speaker who is trustworthy, credible, reliable, knowledgeable, trusted
Pathos
Audience has emotional connection with speaker
Logos
Appeal to audience using logic and reason
Transactional Communication
Communication goes back and forth between audience and speaker
Critical Listening
Actively engaged, analyzing, and probing evaluating message
Feedback
Part of active listening
Non verbal= smile, nod, facial expression
Verbal= Cheer, ask questions, give comments
Barriers to Listening
Short attention span Passivity syndrome Stereotyping Automatic rejection Distractions
Communication Apprehension
Negatively affects speaker
Causes forgetfulness, statter
Trait Anxiety
Speech anxiety in all situations
Nervous as part of personality
State Anxiety
Specific circumstances trigger nervousness
Impromptu
No preparation
Think on your feet
Extemporaneous
Had preparation
Speech not memorized
Manuscript
Prepared
Memorized
Purpose of Informative Speaking
Inform
Enlighten
Educate
Impact new knowledge or different view
Objective
Neutral
Relay factors
Subjective
Takes part
Open to manipulation
Treatment of Audience
Welcome diversity
Adopt how you present
Age
Package speech appropriately
Choice of jokes
Gender
Approach issues diplomatically
Race
Avoid sensitive topics on minority and superiority
Religion
Issues on abortion
Gay rights
Play huge role in people lives
Consider situation and audience when selecting a topic
Know audience bias, belief, interest, knowledge level
Know topic purpose
Peer reviewed Research
Academic study Contains bibliography Abstract Credentials Written by expert Original research Published by professional association
Research Tools
Online Library
Physical Library
Statistics
Advantage
Simplify concepts
Enhance ethos
Disadvantage
Over complicated
Confusingly presented
How to evaluate the quality of evidence
C = Current (how recent) A = Authority (who is writing) P = Purpose, point of view (why writing, neutral or hidden agenda)
Types of Organization
Chronological - Change over time, history
Spatial - In terms of space, geography
Sequential - Break down process step by step
Categorical - Arrange ideas in different categories, topic
Main components of Introduction and Conclusion
Introduction
Attention grabber
Speaker credibility statement
Relevance statement ( why audience should care)
Thesis (Purpose-what it is)
Preview (list points, walk audience through main points)
Conclusion Repeat Restate Restate why relevant Thesis Review
Outline a Speech
Speech Title Specific Purpose and Thesis Statement Introduction Body Transitions Conclusion Bibliography
Types of word to avoid
Isolates the people
Gender language
Offends people
Racist
Strategies for using vivid language
Word choice
How you say it
