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Virology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which 2 viral families have a circular genome?

A

Circoviridae

Papillomaviridae

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2
Q

All _____ viruses are enveloped

A

helical

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3
Q

The two types of capsid symmetry?

A

Icosahedral

Helical

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4
Q

Which type of viruses are readily inactivated by lipid solvents and detergents?

A

Enveloped

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5
Q

4 criteria for species delineation?

A

1) type and nature of genome
2) mode and site of replication
3) structure of virion
4) sequencing of viral genome

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6
Q

Of the DNA viruses we’ve studied, which do NOT replicate in the nucleus?

A

Asfaviridae
Poxiviridae
Circoviridae

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7
Q

Retroviruses must bring which two enzymes with them in order to support replication?

A

Reverse transcriptase

Integrase

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8
Q

Can replicate only under defined permissive conditions

A

conditional-lethal mutants

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9
Q

Can infect host species different from those of parent viruses

A

Host-range mutants

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10
Q

____ require the presence of a complementing helper virus for replication

A

defective interfering particles

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11
Q

The exchange or transfer of genetic material between different but closely related viruses infecting the same cell

A

Genetic recombination

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12
Q

This occurs when the RNA polymerase switches between template strands during synthesis of complementary negative-sense strand

A

Template switching (copy-choice) recombination

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13
Q

This can occur randomly in RNA viruses with segmented genomes

A

Reassortment

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14
Q

Intramolecular recombination, copy-choice recombination, and reassortment can all lead to?

A

Genetic reactivation

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15
Q

______ & ______ do not result in a change in the genome (i.e. changes don’t last past 1 replication)

A

phenotypic mixing and complementation

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16
Q

When comparing phenotypic mixing and complementation, which does NOT require a defective virus?

A

Phenotypic mixing

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17
Q

Of the viruses we’ve studied, which can be associated with cell fusion (syncytia)?

A

Lentiviruses (sub family of retrovirus)

Herpesviruses

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18
Q

Binding of RBCs to the surface of infected cells; example virus that causes this?

A

Hemadsorption

African swine fever virus

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19
Q

If hemagglutination does not occur in a well, what two things could that mean?

A

1) the patient doesn’t have the virus

2) patient has Abs that bind that virus

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20
Q

These types of infections have a short clinical course and large amounts of the virus are shed over a short period of time

A

Acute infection

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21
Q

How do
1) retroviruses
2) herpesviruses
establish latent infections?

A

1) via provirus

2) episome

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22
Q

The severity of disease exhibited by infected hosts

A

virulence

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23
Q

ability of a pathogen to invade and establish replication within the host

A

infectivity

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24
Q

What is the incubation period

A

the time that lapses between infection and presentation of clinical signs

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25
Q

Why is Acyclovir so effective in herpes-infected cells?

A

Because it targets thymidine kinase, which is only expressed by infected cells

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26
Q

Poxviridae are _______ viruses?

A

DNA, enveloped

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27
Q

Which family of viruses is associated with intracellular enveloped viruses (IEVs)?

A

Poxvirus

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28
Q

You go to a barn to look at a milking cow that appears to have leisons on her teats. The owner claims they have had a rat problem recently, and you notice similar lesions on the face of the barn cat. Your top Dx? Is this a FAD?

A

Cowpox

Yes

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29
Q

You’re called in to look at cows that have recently started showing oral lesions, but are healthy otherwise. What is your Dx? Advice to the owner?

A

Bovine papular stomatitis

No need to treat, should resolve in a few weeks; is zoonotic, so be careful

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30
Q

This disease primarily affects YOUNG sheep and is characterized by ulcerative lesions around the muzzle

A

Orf virus

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31
Q

T/F: If a lamb gets orf, it means it didn’t get adequate Abs in the colostrum

A

False; colostrum Abs are not protective (requires CMI)

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32
Q

Though not found in the US, these poxviruses are considered the most important because they cause high mortality and significant economic loss

A

Sheeppox and goatpox

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33
Q

You are called to examine a herd of box taurus cattle. They have skin nodules on the head and neck. Physical exam reveals a fever, lacrimation, and nasal discharge. You also notice a large number of biting insects in the area. Top Dx?

A

Lumpy skin disease

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34
Q

Is lumpy skin disease considered foreign?

A

Yes

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35
Q

Which disease in swine is usually subclinical and is trasferred via pig louse?

A

Swinepox

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36
Q

You are called to examine a flock of chickens that have proliferative skin lesions; what histopath finding would confirm your Dx?

A

Finding intracytoplasmic inclusions (Fowlpox)

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37
Q

You examine a group of rabbits that have benign cutaneous fibromas. Your top Dx?

A

Myoxoma virus

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38
Q

How Myoxoma virus differ in its impact on Eurpoean rabbits?

A

Lethal

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39
Q

The virus can cause ulcerative lesions on the feet, tail, and snout of mice

A

Ectromelia virus (mousepox)

40
Q

Because herpesviruses are _________, they don’t survive well in the environment and require close contact for transmission

A

enveloped

41
Q

Except for _____ & ______, herpesviruses tend to be very species specific

A

ovine herpes virus 2

Pseudorabies

42
Q

Two main disease types associated with herpes infection

A

respiratory & reproductive (abortion)

43
Q

When examining a cow with lumpy skin, these two viruses should be on the top of the list

A

Lumpy skin disease virus

Bovine-herpes virus 2

44
Q

Though not associated with clinical disease in sheep, this virus can be deadly to cattle and buffalo

A

Ovine herpesvirus 2

45
Q

This herpesvirus is characterized by a broad host range but is not zoonotic

A

Pseudorabies virus

46
Q

In pigs, these diseases are associated with abortions, mummified fetuses, and still births

A

Pseudorabies

Porcine parvo virus

47
Q

Which strains of equine herpesvirus are associated with rhinopneumonitis and abortion?

A

1 & 4

48
Q

Equine herpes virus 2 associated with what disease?

A

Keratoconjuctivitis

49
Q

Equine herpes virus 3 associated with what disease?

A

Coital exanthema (won’t stand to be bred)

50
Q

You examine a litter of puppies. You notice a few of the puppies have low body temperature and are being kept separate from the rest of the litter. Likely Dx?

A

Canine herpesvirus (fading puppy syndrome)

51
Q

This virus is responsible for ~40% of respiratory infections in cats

A

Feline Herpes virus 1 (feline viral rhinotracheitis)

52
Q

You are examining a flock of backyard chickens that have signs of respiratory disease (coughing, moist rales, oculonasal discharge). The owner reports several of the chickens have already died. Dx?

A

Avian herpesvirus 1 (infectious laryngotracheitis)

53
Q

This herpesvirus can survive for months in dust/litter, breaking the rule that close contact is required for its transmission

A

Gallid herpesvirus 2 (Marek’s disease)

54
Q

This virus causes lymphoproliferative disease in chickens and is more likely to infect young, female birds (genetic susceptibility)

A

Gallid herpesvirus 2

55
Q

Which disease is more fatal: Marek’s disease or ILT?

A

ILT (70%)

56
Q

The only enveloped, DNA arbovirus we have covered?

A

African swine fever virus

57
Q

Unlike most enveloped viruses, this virus is stable in the environment and can persist for months in meat

A

African swine fever virus

58
Q

Papillomaviridae is a _______ virus

A

non-enveloped, DNA (circular!)

59
Q

This viral family can cause proliferative lesions (warts) in young animals that usually regress on their own in weeks to months

A

Papillomaviridae

60
Q

Equine sarcoids are thought (controversially) to be associated with disease from

A

Bovine papillomarvirus 1

61
Q

These types of tumors in dogs ARE NOT assoicated with a virus and respond well to chemotherapeutic agents

A

Transmissible venereal tumors (TVT)

62
Q

Highly infectious virus of psittacine birds; can cause acute generalized disease in young budgerigars

A

avian polyomavirus

63
Q

Adenoviridae family are ______ viruses

A

non-enveloped, DNA

64
Q

Which strain of adenovirus is associated with infectious canine hepatitis?

A

CAV-1

65
Q

Why do we use CAV-2 in our vaccines?

A

MLV with CAV-1 causes blue eye (severe corneal edema); vaccination with CAV-2 protects from infectious hepatitis even though it doesn’t cause it

66
Q

This virus is associated with inclusion body hepatitis and egg drop syndrome in chickens;

A

Avian adenoviruses

67
Q

This virus is a common cause of fetal death and mummification in pregnant GILTS

A

porcine parvovirus

68
Q

Concerning porcine parvovirus, infection at these days leads to what consequence?

1) 10-30 days
2) 30-70 days
3) 70-terms

A

1) death and resorption
2) death and mummification
3) usually survive in utero (born weak)

69
Q

Best way to control porcine parvo?

A

expose gilts prior to breeding

70
Q

Disease of mink and ferrets (primarily with pale coat colors) that caused B lymphocyte stimulation

A

Aleutian mink disease

71
Q

You are examining CHICKS that have aplastic anemia and generalized lymphoid atrophy…top Dx?

A

Chicken anemia virus (circoviridae)

72
Q

Which strain of porcine circovirus is considered pathogenic?

A

PCV 2

1 is non-pathogenic

73
Q

What 2 diseases can be seen with PCV-2

A

Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)

Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)

74
Q

You are examining a cockatoo that has feather loss, abnormal mature features, and his beak is shiny and overgrown; histopath reveals intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies.. likely Dx?

A

Psittacine beak and feather disease

circovirus

75
Q

3 important things found in retrovirus capsule?

A

Reverse transcriptase
Integrase
Protease

76
Q

Which 4 retroviruses are in the subfamily lentivirus?

A

FIV, EIA, maedi/visna virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus

77
Q

Lentiviruses have a _____ incubation period

A

long

78
Q

Which means is not effective for killing retroviruses?

A

UV light (due to diploid genome)

79
Q

The most common and most economically important neoplastic condition of birds 5-9 months of age

A

lymphoid leucosis (caused by avian leucosis virus)

80
Q

An avian virus that has incorporated a cellular oncogene, is replication competent, and capable of rapid cell transformation

A

Rous sarcoma virus

81
Q

Compared to Marek’s disease, birds affected with ALV tend to be ______ and lack ______?

A

Older; lack thickening of peripheral nerves

82
Q

Which subgroup of FeLV is found in all infected cats?

A

A

83
Q

FeLV subgroups:
Which results in higher risk for tumors?
Which is not transmitted but results in rapid, fatal anemia?

A

B–tumors

C–fatal anemia

84
Q

Which subgroup of FeLV leads to immunodeficiency?

A

T (insertion from soluble cofactor)

85
Q

What rule of retroviruses does FeLV not follow?

A

Once infected always infected (cats infected after 4 months of age are usually able to clear the virus)

86
Q

When testing for FeLV, it’s important to check for ______ not ______

A

Check for ANTIGEN, not antibodies (Abs don’t tell you if there’s an active infection or if there was previous exposure)

87
Q

Causes persistent lymphocytosis and development of lymphosarcoma in infected animals; cattle are usually infected between 6months and 3 years of age

A

Bovine leukemia virus

88
Q

This virus replicates in the lungs of sheep and the tumors slowly replace normal lung tissue and produce excess surfactant–>death by asphyxia

A

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

89
Q

Wheelbarrow test can be used to diagnose?

A

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma

90
Q

4 phases of FIV

A

acute phase
asymptomatic phase
phase of vague clinical signs
Terminal phase (immunodeficiency)

91
Q

“Trojan horse” mechanism of equine infectious anemia?

A

will infect monocytes but viral expression only occurs after they differentiate into macrophages in a tissue

92
Q

Primary mode of transmission of equine infectious anemia?

A

blood feeding insects

93
Q

Causes a life-long infection in sheep associated with labored breathing and wasting, but infection is usually subclinical

A

Maedi/visna virus (ovine progressive pneumonia)

94
Q

Best way to prevent lamb infection with maedi/visna virus?

A

Don’t allow them to take colostrum from affected ewes

95
Q

This disease presents with slowly progressive onset of arthritis, swelling of affected joints (variable lameness), weight loss, and chronic mastitis.

A

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis

96
Q

Best way to prevent kid exposure to Caprine arthritis-encephalitis

A

fed heat-treated colostrum & pasteurized milk

Virology (7 decks)

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