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Animal Behaviors > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Animal Behavior

A

Expression of an effort to adapt or adjust to different internal and external conditions

May be a reflex

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2
Q

Individual survival

A

basic actions of animals are directed towards keeping themselves alive

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3
Q

Species survival

A

reproduction

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4
Q

Ethology

A

complex science of animal behavior, its causation and function

Observation and detailed description of behavior with objective findings on biological mechanisms

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5
Q

John Ray published ___ in 1676

A

Willughby’s Ornithologia

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6
Q

Welfare Assessment

A

Domestic animals content with a complex environment that includes physical conditions, social influences, and predators, parasites, or pathogens that may attack them

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7
Q

Coping Mechanisms

A

linked to behavioral responses or changes

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8
Q

coping

A

having control of mental and bodily stability

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9
Q

Coping systems

A

systems that respond to or prepare for challenges

ex. adaptive feelings

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10
Q

Roger Brambell’s Five Freedoms

A 
From hunger and thirst
From discomfort
From pain, injury, or disease
To express normal behavior
From fear and distress
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11
Q

Objective indicators

A

independent of moral considerations

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12
Q

Sentience

A

capacity/extent to which animals are aware of themselves and their interactions with their environment

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13
Q

Sentient being

A

Ability to:

  • evaluate the actions of others in relation to itself & third parties
  • remember some of its own actions
  • Assess Risks
  • Have some feelings
  • Have some degree of awareness
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14
Q

Once ___ evaluation of welfare has been completed, ___ decisions can be made.

A

Scientific

Ethical

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15
Q

Well-being

A

looser, less precise, more general way

Sometimes refers to the animal’s short-term state
May refer to the state of the animals

Encompass behavior, performance, and physiology

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16
Q

Welfare

A

used in legislation

Refers to the long-term good of animals
Describe broader constellation of social and ethical issues

Focused on behavior (less on physiology)
Ignoring performance

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17
Q

Stress

A

Situation in which an individual is subjected to a potentially or actually damaging effect of its environment

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18
Q

Optimizing Animal Production

A

Farm animals are kept to produce food and other essentials for humans and farmers/ranchers need their enterprises to be profitable

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19
Q

Optimized

A

Knowledge of animal behavior must be taken into account

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20
Q

Why do we keep animals in captivity?

A

Control their behavior

Prevent from escaping
Control breeding
Allowing them to adapt to housing environment

Involves human-animal interaction
Adaption to technical innovations

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21
Q

Behavioral disorders come from

A

Poorly designed housing systems, malfunctioning equipment, poor human management

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22
Q

Causation(s) of behavior

A

study of mechanisms that trigger or stimulate animals to behave a certain way

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23
Q

Functional consequences

A

Study of the functions served by certain behaviors

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24
Q

Development (ontogeny) of behavioral processes

A

study how and when behavior develops during the course of an animal’s lifetime

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25
Q

Evolution (phylogenetic origins) of behavioral processes

A

study how behavior has changed over generations

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26
Q

Ethogram

A

Complete, precise description of the array of behaviors an animal is capable of showing; catalog of behavioral patterns

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27
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

Term give to interpreting animal behavior in terms of human experience

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28
Q

Teleology

A

use of design or purpose as an explanation of innate or instinctive behavior

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29
Q

Focal Animal Sampling

A

Focus on one individual or one dyad or one litter for a specific amount of time

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30
Q

Scan sampling

A

Record behavior of each individual or all behaviors evident in a whole group at a single instant every day, once weekly, monthly, ect.

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31
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Change in behavior of animals resulting not from the effects of any experimental manipulation but merely from the attention paid to the animal by the observers

Changing the way you act because someone/something is watching

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32
Q

Instinct is a suitable raw material for ___

A

evolution

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33
Q

Instinctive Behavior

A

Behavior that occurs naturally without influence of learning

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34
Q

Sterotypy

A

is a repetitive or ritualistic movement, posture, or utterance

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35
Q

Conspecifics

A

Members of their own species

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36
Q

Innate

A

describes behaviors which are believed to have a relatively strong genetic component associated with development

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37
Q

Genetic Determinism

A

belief that, if there is a genetic control, the behavior of an individual will be inflexible and determined from the point of fertilization

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38
Q

Linkage

A

when the position of a behavior is inherited in close correlation with some other trait for which the gene is known

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39
Q

Heterosis

A

Performing at a level greater than both parent strains for some measurable trait

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40
Q

Artificial Selection

A

occurs prior to reproduction

Usually only applied to a single trait

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41
Q

Natural Selection

A

can be determined only after the animal’s reproductive lifespan has ended

All phenotypic characteristics of animal

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42
Q

Darwin’s 3 Principles required for any trait to be modified by evolution

A

Variation

Genetic Inheritance

Natural Selection

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43
Q

Principle of Variation

A

states that a trait must vary between individuals of a population

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44
Q

Principle of Genetic Inheritance

A

Some of the variation in a population must be of genetic origin

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45
Q

Principle of Natural Selection

A

Indicates that some variant(s) of the trait must influence various reproductive abilities

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46
Q

Phylogenetic trees

A

used to deduce from traits other than behavior, then map behavior seen in closely related species

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47
Q

Ritualization

A

process by which a certain behavior evolves into a signal by becoming exaggerated and losing its original function

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48
Q

Fitness

A

relative ability to leave progeny in the next generation

Reproductive success of an individual

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49
Q

Optimal behavior

A

behaviors that maximize the difference between fitness benefits and costs

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50
Q

Domesticaiton

A

process whereby an animal is transformed from a life in the wild to a life under some humane control

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51
Q

Dimitry Belyaez (1917-1985)

A

Russian geneticist

Wild silver Foxes (Siberia) —> Dog

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52
Q

Drive

A

a component of a homeostatic control system

agent causing a particular behavior to occur

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53
Q

Motivation

A

process within the brain that controls which behaviors and physiological changes occur and when

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54
Q

Motivation includes

A 
Thirst
Hunger
Fear
Urge to Migrate
Urge to Mate
Nest Building
Dust Bathing
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55
Q

Motivations are examples of

A

Causal explanations for behavior

They are proximate, mechanistic explanation for why an animal is currently performing a particular behavior pattern

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56
Q

Motivational States

A

Internal Stimuli
External Stimuli
Casual Factors

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57
Q

Internal Stimuli

A

signals from body monitors which provide information about general or specific body defiencies

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58
Q

External Stimuli

A

Cues about the animal’s environment

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59
Q

Casual Factors

A

actual inputs to the decision-making center

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60
Q

Vacuum activities

A

Behavior patterns occurring in the absence of the normal external eliciting stimuli

61
Q

Supernormal stimuli

A

more effective at eliciting behavior than natural stimuli

62
Q

Tolerable range

A

what temp, osmotic state, nutrient level, ect.. by set of homeostatic control systems

63
Q

Negative feedback

A

process whereby execution of a behavior pattern reduces the motivation to perform it (limits length of bouts of many behaviors)

64
Q

Hysteresis is…

A

delayed negative feedback to reduce motivation

65
Q

Positive feedback

A

differs in that motivation actually increases after the start of the bout

66
Q

Feed-forward control

A

a tolerable range is predicted and correction is made before the state changes

67
Q

Appetitive phase

A

a behavioral sequence comes first and comprises active, flexible, searching behaviors

68
Q

Consummatory behavior

A

follows appetitive behavior, and is typically more stereoptypic, unlearned species-typical, and motivational-typical

69
Q

Psychohydraulic model

A

Lorenz, 1950
likened behavioral control to a cistem of water than can overflow via valve, and this overflow represents the performance of the behavior

70
Q

Stollwert-Istwert Model

A

does not assume an inevitable build-up of internal causal factors in the absence of behavioral expression

71
Q

Istwert

A

the way the world is

actual value

72
Q

Stollwert

A

the way the world should be

Should-be value

73
Q

Control systems models

A

Motivation are based on the assumption that we can draw analogies between the mechanisms of living and non-living systems

74
Q

State-space models

A

focus on the interactions between behavior patterns and the “rules” animals follow when choosing between different activities

75
Q

Learning

A

relatively permanent change in response over time as a result of practice or experience

modification of behavior due to stored information from previous experience

76
Q

Two approaches to learning behavior:

A

Innate

Learned

77
Q

Innate Responses:

A

Fast, reliable

In place at birth

78
Q

Learned Responses:

A

Slow, variable

Must be learned from experience (usually from parents)

79
Q

Innate Species Prominence

A

Short lifespan
Many offspring
Little Parenting
Small nervous system

80
Q

Learned species prominence:

A

Long lifespan
Few offspring
Much parenting
Larger nervous system

81
Q

Timing of rewards is ___

A

Critical for the learning process

82
Q

Memory

A

Process of maintaining this information overtime

83
Q

Types of Memory

A

Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Working memory
Long-term memory

84
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Shortest element of memory (1/4 to 1/2 sec)

Decays quickly

Buffer for sensory stimuli

Can be ignored or perceived

85
Q

Ignored stimuli

A

disappears almost instantaneously

86
Q

Perceived stimuli

A

Enters sensory memory

87
Q

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A

Limited Storage Capacity

Limited Duration (15-30 sec)

Acoustic

88
Q

Rehearsal

A

repeating items verbally to encode in STM

89
Q

Working Memory

A

Form of STM

Different systems for different types of information

Central Executive
2 Sub-Systems: Phonological Loop & Visuo-Spatial sketchpad

90
Q

Central Executive

A

Drives the whole system and allocates data to subsystems

Cognitive tasks: mental arithmetic and problem solving

91
Q

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad (VSS)

A

Inner eye

Stores and processes information in a visual form

Used for navigation

92
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Part of working memory that deals with spoken and written material

Phonological store (inner ear) 
Articulatory Control Process (Inner voice)
93
Q

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A

Reference Memory

Holds info for long periods of time
Virtually unlimited capacity

Semantic (meaning)
Visual (Pictorial)
Acoustic (Sound)

94
Q

Three Basic Parts of LTM

A

Procedural Memory
Semantic Memory
Episodic Memory

95
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Knowing how to do things

Procedures

96
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Storing Information about the world

Meaning

97
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Storing information about events experienced in the animal’s lifetime

Occurrences

98
Q

Consolidation

A

separating valuable memory from expendable information

99
Q

Memory trace

A

Encodes in neural tissue that provides the physical basis for a memory after learning

100
Q

Synpatic consolidation

A

occurs within the first few hours after learning or encoding

101
Q

System consolidation

A

Hippocampus-dependent memories become independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years

102
Q

Reinforcement

A

Can cause memory items to persist in time and strengthen memories

Repetition/rehearsal or reward/punishment

critical for transition of memory to STM to LTM

103
Q

Recall

A

Ability to access memory or infomration without a cue

104
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying information after experiencing it again

Memory retreival based on cues

105
Q

Relearning

A

Learning information that has previously been learned

106
Q

Recollection

A

reconstruction of memory
Utilizing logical structures, partial memories, narrative, or clues

(unsure if this occurs in animals)

107
Q

Context

A

Specific cues

108
Q

Decay

A

Information stored in memory becomes less readily retrieved as time passes

109
Q

Forgetting

A

Failure to retrieve a memory due to lack of reinforcement through repeated experiences

110
Q

Habiruation

A

Persistent decrease in frequency and/or intensity of a response due to repeated stimulation in the absence of reinforcement & punishment

111
Q

Desensitization

A

Repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases the behavior response to the relevant stimulus

Reduce fear in animals

112
Q

Sensitization

A

Repeated exposure to a stimulus amplifies the behavior response to the releven stimulus

113
Q

Classical conditioning

Pavolvian Conditioning

A

Automatic, involuntary response
Environmental event or stimulus is followed predictably by some other occurrence

Principle of association
Allows animals to predict events, but provides them little control or influence over actual timing

114
Q

Pavlov’s Dog

A

He rang a bell then sent the food out
The dogs mouth watered when they smelled the food (Involuntarily)

Soon he would ring the bell and the dogs mouth would water without smelling the food (classically conditioned)

115
Q

Reinforcement

A

Rewards and punishments

116
Q

Edward Thorndike (1874 to 1949)

A

American Psychologist
Behavioral learning theory based on connectionism
Increasing behavior with reinforcement and practice

117
Q

Three Laws of Connectionism

A

Law of Effect
Law of Exercise
Law of Readiness

118
Q

Law of Effect

A

Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation

Response that produce a discomforting effect are less likely to occur again in that situation

119
Q

Law of Exercise

A

Those things most often repeated are best remembered

120
Q

Law of Readiness

A

Individuals learn best when they are physically, mentally, and emotionally ready to learn

Do not learn well if they see no reason for learning

121
Q

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

A

American psychologist/behaviorist
Operant Conditioning

Based research on Thorndike’s law of effect

Schedule of Reinforcement

122
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Instrumental Learning

Learning process based on a reward or punishment

Stimulus –> Response –> Reinforcement –> repeate

123
Q

R vs P

Reinforcement

A

Factors, events, or experiences which INCREASE the likelihood that a behavior will occur

124
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Adding something the animals want

125
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removing something aversive to the situation

126
Q

R vs P

Punishment

A

factors, events, or experiences which DECREASE the likelihood that a behavior will occur

127
Q

Positive punishment

A

adding something aversive to the situation

128
Q

Negative punishment

A

removing something the animal wants

129
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Typically have biologically reinforcing properties (e.g. food, water, shelter, warmth, ect…)

130
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Stimuli associated with the primary reinforcers in time and/or space (e.g. other animals & objects)

131
Q

Bridging Stimulus (Clicker Training)

A

Bridge the time between response and discovery of a positive reinforce

Useful when the distance between trainer and animal prohibits immediate reinforcement

132
Q

Shaping

A

Encouragement of an animal to perform spontaneously a behavior it would otherwise seldom exhibit

Allows conditioning to occur

Ex: Housebreaking a puppy

133
Q

Chaining

A

Reinforcing individual response occurring in a sequence to form a complex sequence of behavior that are beyond the current repertoire

Animals learn to do a task in a sequence of events that leads to a reward

134
Q

Escape Conditioning

A

form of aversive conditioning

Occurs when an aversive stimulus is presented and an animal responds by leaving the situation

135
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

A conditioned stimulus is given before the presentation of an aversive stimulus

136
Q

Neophobia

A

Fear of the unknown

137
Q

Generalization

A

Converse tendency to attend to shared features within a range of stimuli

Enables animals to respond to new stimuli adaptively, provided sufficient shared information exists with previously encountered stimuli

Riding school pony = respond appropriately to a variety of rides using leg, seat, and hand cues in different ways

138
Q

Discrimination

A

Dressage horse = will only respond to the specific cues from only one rider

139
Q

Extinction

A

waning of a learned response due to a lack of reinforcement (or punishment)

140
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Temporary recovery in response magnitude or frequency

141
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

Rate and pattern of responding during extinction can be influenced by the rate of reinforcement prior to extinction

Decline in response frequency with extinction is lower

142
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing the animal each time it performs a learned response

143
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule

A

Provides reinforcement after a variable number of responses have been made by the animal (does not follow every response)

144
Q

Fixed Interval Schedule

A

Reinforcement delivered for the first response made after a fixed time period has elapsed following the previous reinforcement

145
Q

Variable Interval Schedule

A

Reinforcement, the animal is rewarded for the 1st response it makes following passage of variable periods of time

146
Q

Tool Use

A

Develops through an interaction of inherited species-typical anatomical characteristics and behavior

147
Q

Observational (Social) Learning
Copying
Imitation

A

Greatly reduces the time and energy requirements associated with trial-and-error learning and costly mistakes

Body language to understand basic intentions of others

148
Q

Abstract Thinking & Conceptual Learning

A

Highest level of learning where animals can acquire and use wide range of abstract concepts involving geometric relationships, numbers, colors, and tool usage

Animal Behaviors (5 decks)

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