Body Care and Cleanliness (Exam 2) Flashcards
Body care contributes to:
attainment of comfort & avoidance of discomfort
Grounding
cattle lie with their belly, brisket, neck, and throat on the ground
Horses show similar behaviors
Why do cattle use the grounding method?
Seal off sensitive skin areas from fly irritation
How else does cattle respond to flies?
- agitating the head and ears
- shaking folds of neck & body skin
- tail switching, kicking, & stamping
What is deterioration of coat condition a result of?
Prolonged stall-housing
or
Enclosure with inadequate bedding
What causes frustrations in animals?
Inadequate grooming
– Not being able to reach every area
What do frustrations lead to?
excessive grooming of accessible areas
Comfort shifts occur periodically during ____, including ____.
resting phases
recumbency
What is the NORMAL occurrence time of comfort shifts in domestic animals?
Several times per hour
What does the absence (or reduction) of comfort shifts lead to?
Development of edema, necrosis, ulceration, or abscesses over pressure points
What is an increase in occurrences of comfort shifts indicative of?
State of discomfort
associated with pain or first stage parturition
Frequent comfort shifts can be related to…
less specific forms of discomfort
- –extreme pain or discomfort
- –poor quality of accommodations
Two Types of Grooming
Auto-grooming
Allogrooming
Auto-grooming
contact between 2 parts of the body
licking, scratching
Can auto-grooming be environment-based
Yes
rubbing against a post, tree, stone, wall, fence, or cooperating conspecific
Allogrooming
Includes mutual licking, nipping with teeth, massaging, nose rubbing, & body rubbing
Most cats are ____ and spend upwards to ___ of their awake time grooming.
neatniks
50%
Kittens learn to groom by:
Imitation
They learn to lick themselves by 2 weeks of age
Washing themselves by the time they are weaned
Grooming in cats is helped to maintain
- Healthy skin by stimulating the production of sebum
- Spreads sebum over the coat to lubricate and waterproof fur
- Removes loose hair and prevents matting
- Removes dirt & parasites
What is sebum?
Oily secretion produced by sebaceous glands at the end of each hair
Unthrifty appearance in cats can signal
illness
emotional or physical illness may trigger excessive grooming behavior
Most cats grooming rituals begin with
- licking the mouth, chin, & whiskers
- each shoulder & foreleg
- both flanks & hind legs
- genitals
- tail (tip to stern)
How do cats scrub the face, head, and ears?
dampened forepaw
They re-lick every few swipes
How do cats scratch/groom their neck and ears?
with rear claws
How do cats keep their rear claws groomed? front claws?
nibbling for both rear and front
they also claw objects to file front claws
What’s another reason cats groom?
Make them feel better emotionally
licking releases endorphins
Overgrooming behaviors are called
psychogenic alopecia
Dogs aren’t ____ groomers like cats.
consummate
Dogs are able to use what parts of their body to groom?
mouth
all 4 paws
What are some reasons dogs lick and bite at their feet?
Clean debris, thorns, & burrs wedged between toes
Sometimes: skin allergies, joint or nail injuries, & bruises
Why do dogs rub on inanimate objects?
to reach areas they cannot just by licking
head, under chin, and on ears
Why do dogs lick/groom each other?
form of appeasement
role in reducing tension and conflict
When dogs groom each other the groomer is ____ to the one being groomed (____).
subordinate
dominate
How do horses groom?
Eyes, face, nose, & nostrils by rubbing their face up and down the side of foreleg
after strenuous exercise horses may rub its head on a person
Do horses use their tongue to clean nostrils?
NO
They snort to clean their nose
How do horses groom their hips, flanks, and limbs?
nibble or “snap”
How do pigs maintain the condition of the body surface?
Scratching themselves, they don’t spend much time grooming
They do NOT lick or perform allogrooming
Dirtiness in sows or pigs can be symptoms of ____, but usually is the result of _____ _____.
disease
inadequate environment
Sows who are kept loose in pens with adequate ____ ____ ____, & demarcated ___ ___ are clean.
bedded lying area
dunging area
How do wild rabbits groom?
their incisors to pull out dead hair
licking to preen
Pet rabbits coats are:
How do they groom?
“fluffy” (wild rabbits have short and dense coats)
tongues to preen the entire coat
Do wild rabbits allogroom?
Yes. It’s an important part of social behavior
It’s mainly during periods of rest, they lie together & groom each other around the face and head
How do rabbits clean its ears & face?
licking its forepaws
Grooming in cattle is performed in a ___ of ways & makes up ~___ of all behaviors
multitude
5%
How does cattle groom?
Lick every part of their bodies they can reach
–both forelegs & hind part of the back
requires a significant freedom of movement
(estimated) How much do calves groom?
152 occasions
scratch 28 times a day
Cattle rinse their nostrils by:
using their tongue
Cattle use ___ ____ for scratching their ears or other parts of the body
Hind dewclaws
How does cattle scratch their body?
using solid structures for body care
How does cattle allogroom?
one animal licking the neck or head region of the other
Sick cattle often find it ____ to maintain a clear body.
difficult
How do sheep perform body care?
rubbing their body against trees, bushes, ect…
they scratch the breast, upper part of front legs, neck, & head with hind legs
Sheep pluck the legs and sometimes flank with their mouths
How do goats groom?
Oral grooming: scraping the lower incisors through the pelage in bouts of upward motions directed at a single area
Adult goats: use horns to scratch their backs
Newborn/Young goats: groom more frequently than similarly
Do sheep and goats allogroom?
NO
How do domestic fowl take care of their bodies?
taking care of their plumage & stretching movements
How do chickens take care of plumage
dust bathing
then shaking the plumage
How often is dust bathing performed?
And how?
once every 2 to 3 days
bird lying down & rubbing litter material through its feathers
How do domestic fowl stretch?
wing flapping
rapid simultaneous movements of both wings above the back of the bird
What is dusting in turkeys?
Sitting birds extends head & makes raking movements in towards the body with its beak
- – a semi circle of dirt is piled against the body
- – dust is worked into the feathers by flapping wings and kicking
What is thermo-regulatory behavior?
form of body care employed when the environmental temperature, wind speed, and/or precipitation represent the animal with a challenge to its comfort
How do dogs cool themselves when its too hot?
Vigorously panting
cats, ruminants, & birds also pant
Other than panting how else do cats cool themselves?
anointing themselves with saliva to cool adjacent surfaces by evaporations
When it’s too cold how do mammals increase volume of insulating air trapped in their plumage?
Piloerection
involuntary bristling of hair
Describe outer and down feathers and their thermo-regulatory behaviors in fowl
Outer feathers: protect birds from wet weather and wind
Down feathers: are underneath and fluff up to trap air as insulation
What is the thermoneutral zone (TNZ)?
relationship between animals and the thermal environment
What is another name for TNZ?
Thermal-comfort zone
Cool Zone
environmental temp falls below the lower limit of TNZ
Lower Critical Temperature (LCT)
temp at which animals must produce heat from within the body in order to combat the cooling effects of the environment
Cold Zone
Below the LCT
only way an animal can maintain homeothermy is to increase the rate of metabolic heat production
Summit Metabolic Rate
highest rate an animal with ad libitum access to feed can maintain over an extended period
Peripheral vasoconstriction
increases tissue insulation
earliest response to cold stress
Piloerection and feather fluffing
are also initial responses to cold stress
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