Exam 1 Flashcards
Nervous system plays the dominant role in…
3
coordination
association
integration
Nervous system cannot store… (2)
So, there needs to be constant flow of each.
oxygen
glucose
Two main components of the central nervous system.
brain
spinal cord
main component of peripheral nervous system
nerves
__ cranial nerves.
12
__ spinal nerves.
31
__ nerve trunks coming off the central nervous system.
86
12 + 31 = 43 pairs
Four characteristics of the somatic functional subdivision.
Voluntary (skeletal muscles)
Efferent (motor) & Afferent (sensory)
CNS and PNS
Cholinergic (acetylcholine)
Process of transferring signals from cell to cell
cholinergic
chemical released from cell in cholinergic reaction
acetylcholine
Acetylcholine is __________.
excitatory - released from one cell and stimulates the other.
________ carry information toward cell body
dendrite
_____ carry information away from cell body
axon
Two functional subdivisions of the nervous system.
somatic
autonomic
Nerves carrying information back to the central nervous system (2 describing terms)
Sensory
Afferent
Nerves carrying information from the central nervous system (2 describing terms)
Motor
Efferent
Involuntary subdivision of the nervous system.
Autonomic
The craniosacral nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system.
?
Number of neurons it takes to get from the CNS to smooth cardiac muscle.
2
The two neurons used to get from the CNS to the target are differentiated as __________ and __________.
Preganglionic
Postganlionic
Sympathetic nervous system ranges from __ to __ in the spine.
T1 - L2
The postganglionic neuron is generally longer with _________ nervous system connections.
Sympathetic
_________ is released by preganglionic sympathetic neurons, and _________ is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: slow heart rate speed peristalsis constricts pupils constrics respiratory tree
Parasympathetic
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: speeds heart rate slows peristalsis dilates pupils dilates respiratory tree
Sympathetic
Ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic in the case of the sympathetic connections.
1 to 17
Ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic in the case of parasympathetic connections
1 to 2
________ responses are widespread, quick and general.
Sympathetic
________ responses are slower and more precise.
Parasympathetic
Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons release _________
Acetylcholine
Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release ________
Acetylcholine
__________ nerves have short preganglionic neurons
Sympathetic
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons release ___________
Acetylcholine
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release ______
Norepinephrine
Week 1 of embryology of the CNS: (3)
Zygote
Blastocyst
INNER CELL MASS and outer cell mass
Week 2 of embryology of the CNS: (3)
Bilaminar Disc
Primitive Streak
Mesoderm formation
First two of the primary germ layer (as part of the bilaminar disc)
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Week 3 of embryology of the CNS: (4)
Notochord formation
Induction of nervous system
Neural plate
Neural crest and neural tube
Two parts of notochord formation
Primary
Definitive
Induction of the nervous system is within the ________
ectoderm
From week 3 to week 4, the neural plate invaginates to develop… (2)
Neural fold
Neural groove
Full development of the neural fold and neural groove result in a _______ _____ and two ______ _____ cells.
Neural tube
Neural crest cells
At birth, the brain makes up about __% of our body weight (____-____g)
10% (300-400g)
AS an adult, the makes up __-___% of our body weight (_____-_____g)
2-2.5% (1100-1700g)
At birth, the brain uses about ___% of oxygen metabolized
60%
As an adult, the brain uses about ___% of oxygen metabolized
20%
From week 7 to week 15, there are ________ neurons created every minute
250,000 neurons/minute
Neural tube cells give rise to ____ structures.
CNS
“Nerve glue”
Glioblasts
Most numerous cell in adult CNS
Astrocytes
Glioblasts give rise to the ________ and __________
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Two types of astrocytes
Protoplasmic astrocytes
Fibrillar astrocytes
Protoplasmic astrocytes - _____ matter
Gray matter
Fibrillar astrocytes - _____ matter
White matter
Astrocyte functions (5)
Structural support BBB Glucose storage Form scar like tissue following CNS injury Neurotransmitter influence
Such neurotransmitters as ________, _______, ________ and perhaps others may be influenced directly by astrocytes at synaptic gaps.
Glutamte
Dopamine
Serotonin
Two types of oligodendrocytes
Perineuronal satellites
Interfascicular
Perineuronal satellites are associated with ____ matter.
Gray matter
Interfasciculars are associated with _____ matter.
White matter
Neuroepithelial Cells develop in… (3 variations)
Neuroblasts
Glioblasts
Ependymal Cells
Ependymal cells line the _____ _____ and _________ of the CNS
Central Canal
Ventricles
Ependymal cells secrete ____ and form the “______ ______”
CSF
Choroid Plexus
Presence of cilia in ependymal cells
Ciliated early in life, but disappear with age.
_________ - Only in 3rd ventricle (ependymal cells)
Tanycytes
Tanycytes transport ____ to the _______ ______ _____
CSF (to the)
Hypophyseal Portal System
_______ - Most common primary brain tumor
_______ - Most lethal primary brain tumor
_______ - Derived from _______ cells
Astrocytoma - most common
Glioblastoma - most lethal
Ependymoma - derived from EPENDYMAL cells
Ependymoma restrict ____ flow.
CSF
Microglia are derived from the ________
Mesoderm (not neuroepithelial cells)
Only cells in the CNS that are productively infect by HIV
Microglia
Productively infect -
Can spread virus that infects it
Phagocytic function of microglia
Clear dead and damaged cells
In 1891, _______ ____ ______ stated that the neuron is the _______, ________, and _______ unit of the nervous system
Wilhelm Von Waldeyer
Genetic, Anatomical, Functional (unit of the nervous system)
Choroid plexus can be found in the _________
Ventricles
Three anatomical types of neurons
Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
Three physiological types of neurons and function of each.
Sensory - signal TOWARD CNS (afferent)
Motor - signal AWAY from CNS (efferent)
Internuncial - signals within the CNS
Bipolar neurons are found almost exclusively with ______ ______
Special Senses
5 special senses
smell vision taste hearing equilibrium
There is only one ______ and multiple _______ in a multipolar neuron
(one) Axon
(multiple) Dendrites
Golgi type __ - Long axon
Golgi type __ - Short axon
Golgi type I - Long axon
Golgi type II - Short axon
Internuncial ________ neurons connect equivalent structures on opposite sides one the CNS
Commissural
Four types of internuncial neurons
Commissural
Projection
Intra Segmental
Inter Segmental
Internuncial ________ neurons connect non-equivalent structures in the CNS
Projection
With internuncial projection neurons, _______ stays on the same side and _______ crosses the midline to the opposite side.
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Internuncial ____ _______ neurons begin and end at the same cord level
INTRA Segmental
Internuncial ____ _______ neurons begin and end at different cord levels
INTER Segmental
Two things that determine conduction velocity of a neuron.
Diameter of Fiber (larger = faster)
Myelination (myelinated = faster)
Every PNS cell has this covering…
Schwann Cell
Each Schwann cell will form one __________ on a neuron
Internode
Space between Schwann cells…
Node of Ranvier
Length of each internode
50 - 750 microns
Length of each node of ranvier
~1 micron
Additional coverings in the PNS (besides Schwann cells) (3)
Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium
The three neural coverings are __________ derived connective tissue
Mesodermally
The most elastic of the three coverings of a nerve
Perineurium
_________ - the outer coat of a nerve.
It is virtually inelastic and adds protection, strength and support to the ________ within.
It may occupy ___% to ___% of the cross sectional area of the nerve.
Epineurium
Fasciculi
25% to 85%
Thickest and outermost meninge of the cranial bones and vertebrae
Dura Mater
Outer layer of dura mater…
Inner layer of dura mater…
Endosteal Dura - highly vascular (outer)
Meningeal Dura - fibrous (inner)
The meningeal dura is separate from the endosteal dura only where a ______ or ______ _______ ______ is created
Falx
Dural Venous Sinus
Where are the endosteal dura and meningeal dura found?
ONLY in the cranial vault
Big hole at base of skull where spinal cord passes through.
Foramen Magnum
Of the three mesodermally derived neural coverings, which one is continuous with the dura mater?
Epineurium
Of the two layers of the dura mater, which one is absent in the vertebral column?
Endosteal Dura
Double layers of dura extending into a few fissures of the brain
Dural Falces
Dural falces are composed of ________ dura.
MENINGEAL dura
The dural falces are _______ shaped
Sickle
Dural falx located in the frontal section.
Falx Cerebri
The falx cerebri fills the space of the _______ _________ Fissure
Great Longitudinal Fissure
Dural Falx that separates the cerebellum
Falx Cerebelli
Dural falx that separates the cerebellum and occipital lobes of the cerebrum (transversely)
Tentorium Cerebelli
The tentorium cerebelli are located in the ________ ________ Fissure
Transvers Cerebral Fissure
The area between the tenorium cerebelli
Tentorial Hiatus
The meningeal dura that forms a “roof” over the sella turcica
Diaphragma Sellae
Sella Turcica
Pituitary Fossa
What are the three primary brain vesicles in week 4 of development?
Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
Two secondary vesicles of prosencephalon (forebrain)
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Secondary vesicle of mesencephalon (midbrain)
Mesencephalon
Two secondary vesicles of rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Telencephalon develops into… (3)
Cerebral Cortex
Basal Ganglia
Lateral Ventricles
Diencephalon develops into… (4)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
3rd Ventricle
Mesencephalon develops into… (3)
Corpora (qudrigemina)
Cerebral Peduncles
Cerebral Aqueduct
Metencephalon develops into… (3)
Cerebellum
Pons
4th Ventricle
Myelencephalon develops into… (3)
Medulla Oblongata
4th Ventricle
‘—-> continuous with spinal cord
From birth to one year old, the size of the brain will increase ____ to ____ fold.
The outer cranial circumference will change from an average of ___cm to ___cm.
2-1/2 to 3 fold
34cm to 46cm
________ week - Embryo can respond to cutaneous stimuli
________ week - Fetus is spontaneously active
________ week - Fetus can grasp
8th week
10th week
12th week
Primitive-Multipotential cells
Neuroepithelial Cells
Neuroepithelial cells give rise to… (6)
Neuroblasts –> Neurons
Ependymal Cells
Glioblasts –> Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes
“Leaky” barrier between the CSF and CNS parenchyma.
Ependymal Cells
Diameter of a neuron’s perikaryon?
Shapes of perikaryon? (5)
4 - 130 microns
Star, Round, Oval, Pyramid, Fusiform (football)
How long can a process be?
a few microns - 40”
Three structures that meet a neuron to form a synapse (listed most to least common)
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
(p. 17)
In a neuron, mitochondria is concentrated in the _____ _____ and _________
Cell Body
Telodendria
Nissl Bodies… (3)
RER
Free Ribosomes
Free Iron (Fe^H deposits)
Nissl bodies are also called _______ bodies
Tigroid Bodies
All neurons do NOT show nissl bodies. (T/F)
True - not all neurons show nissl bodies
When present, nissl bodies are found in the ________ and _____ _____. They do NOT appear in the _______ or ________.
DENDRITES and CELL BODIES (present)
(NOT in) AXON or its HILLOCK
Nissl bodies respond quickly and appear to dissolve if…
Process is called __________.
Neuron is injured
Chromotolysis
Chromotolysis is sometimes confused with _________, which is a fragmentation of the Golgi Apparatus under similar injurious conditions.
Retispersion
Hollow, filamentous and made of protein units. They probably constitute about 25% of dry weight of a neuron’s cytoplasm.
Neurofibrils
3 neurofibrils
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Neurofilaments
Microtubules: (function/diameter)
Microfilaments:(diameter)
Neurofilaments:(diameter)
Microtubules: Help maintain cell shape/dia. 20-30 nm
Microfilaments: 3-5 nm
Neurofilaments: 9-10 nm
Axoplasmic Transport
Movement of raw materials within cell
Slow Transport:
Intracellular movement of such items as protein building blocks for the neurofibrils and mitochondria.
Slow transport is classified as slow (____ - ____ mm/day) and occurs in an __________ direction (away from cell body).
Speed of flow is directly related to ______ length, but _______ energy is required.
Slow transport is classified as slow (0.1-3.0 mm/day) and occurs in an ANTEROGRADE direction (away from cell body).
Speed of flow is directly related to AXON length, but LITTLE energy is required.
Longer Axon = (faster/slower)
Faster Movement
Fast Transport:
Intracellular movement of such items as synaptic vesicles, lysosomes,and certain enzymes.
Fast Transport is classified as fast (____ - ____ mm/day) and may occur in the _________ or _________ direction.
Speed of transport in relation to axon length and energy?
Fast Transport is classified as fast (100-400 mm/day) and may occur in the ANTEROGRADE or RETROGRADE direction.
Speed of transport is NOT related to axon length, but is ENERGY DEPENDENT (ATP)
Anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system
Neuron
An extension of the neuron away from its cell body
Neuron Process
A neuron process conducting an impulse TOWARD the cell body.
Dendrite
A neuron process conducting an impulse AWAY from the cell body (toward a synaptic or neuromuscular junction)
Axon
Raised area of the cell body from which an axon arises.
Hillock
In the CNS, most action potentials are initiated in the _______
Hillock
A dominantly long process, if present, of a neuron. Usually an axon, but can be a dendrite
Nerve Fiber
Myelin covering is composed of… (2)
Phospholipid/Cholesterol
Neurokeratin (protein) Accumulaions
________ cells can start as axon coverings, but make the neuron _______ if they continue to wrap around
Schwann Cells
Myelinated (if they continue to wrap around - up to 100x folds)
Not myelinated __ micron(s)
Not myelinated 2 microns
Myelin covers can be found on both _____ and _____ fibers.
There is no myelin over the (3)
(myelin covers) PNS and CNS fibers
(no myelin) Telodendria, Perikaryon, or Hillock
Two diseases that affect Schwann cells
Guillain-Barre Syndrom
Multiple Sclerosis
Axons grouped together in CNS
White Matter
Midline white matter connectors inside the CNS
Commissures
A stalk or pillar-like formation of CNS white matter.
Peduncle
If a neuron is damaged, will it divide?
No
A damaged neuron may regenerate a lost or damaged part depending on… (3)
Extent of Damage
Placement of injury on the neuron
CNS or PNS
If on neuron in a series degenerates, do the neurons that follow also degenerate?
Typically no
Following an injury in the PNS or CNS, the capillaries become…
More Permeable
Sprouts or “growth cones” as they re called may number ___ - ___ pseudopodial extensions from the damaged end of a single fiber
10-40
Rate of regeneration in the PNS.
1-4mm/day
Secretions of axons are categorized as… (3)
Neurotransmitters
Neurohormones
Co-Transmitters
Drugs and neurotoxins that act on neurochemicals: Amphetamines - LSD - Caffeine - Cocaine -
Amphetamines - Deplete dopamine and cause neuron degeneration
LSD - Mimics serotonin
Caffeine - Cyclic AMP alterations causing stimulation
Cocaine - Block reuptake of norepinephrine and can cause release of norepinephrine
Drugs and neurotoxins that act on neurochemicals:
Morphine -
Nicotine -
Strychnine -
Morphine - Mimics endorphins and enkephalins (natural pain killers)
Nicotine - Mimics Acetylcholine
Strychnine - Prevents GABA and Glycine from being inhibitory and convulsions result
There are approximately ___ well-established neurochemicals, but there may be as many as ____ or more.
30
(may be) 100 or more
7 common CNS neurotransmitters
ACH Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin GABA Glycine Glutamine
3 common neurohormones
ADH
Oxytocin
Releasing Factor Neurohormones
Nearly ___ peptides have been proposed as neurotransmitters.
40
Within the ______ ______ the dura has only one layer
Vertebral Canal
The dura is fused to the rim of the _________ ________ and the dorsal surface of the lower _______ and first ________ segment
Foramen Magnum
(dorsal surface of lower) Sacrum
first COCCYGEAL segment
Nerves that run beyond the spinal cord into the coccyx form the ______ ________ ________
Film Terminale Externum
The membranes that “compartmentalize” the vault and brain.
Dural Falces
Is the dura a vascular tissue?
Yes, but very few capillaries. Meningeal arteries travel on the surface.
Do nerves innervate the dura?
Yes:
Supratentorially - C.N. V and VII
Infratentorially - C.N. X
Prime candidate for pain/headache/”throbbing”
Dura - NOT falces
Arachnoid Mater: (5)
Non-Vascular Simple Squamous Meningiomas arise from Form part of Leptomeninges Dips into fissures and sulci ONLY where dura does
The leptomeninges are formed by the arachnoid and ______ mater
Pia
The arachnoid mater is a cranial nerve sheath for C.N. ___
C.N. II
Spider-like connections between arachnoid and pia
Arachnoid Trabeculae
__________ Space:
Space between arachnoid and pia, which is filled with _______.
Subarachnoid Space
(filled with) CSF
Potential space between Dura and scalp
Epidural Space
Potential space between Dura and Arachnoid
Subdural Space
Tank/Vat; Holds fluid
Cistern
Cisterns:
Between cerebrum and cerebellum
Cistern of The Great Cerebral Vein
p. 35
Cisterns:
Superior to pons
Anterior/Inferior to pons
Interpeduncular Cistern
Pontine Cistern
(p. 35)
Cisterns:
Inferior to cerebellum/Posterior to M.O.
Cerebellomedullary Cistern
p. 35
The largest cranial cistern
Cerebellomedullary Cistern
The 4th ventricle opens into the cerebellomedullary cistern via the _______ _________
Median Foramen
Pair of openings that enter the pontine cistern laterally from the fourth ventricle
Lateral Foramina
Region between the cerebral peducles on the anterior aspect of the midbrain.
Interpeduncular Cistern
Lower cistern from the tapering end of the spinal cord all the way down to the upper sacral canal
Lumbar Cistern
The lumbar cistern fills the so-called ________ __-__-___
Lumbar Cul-de-sac
CSF is removed from the _______ _______ during a lumbar spinal tap.
The needle generally goes between the spinous processes of ___ and ___
Lumbar Cistern
between L4 and L5
Tufted prolongation of arachnoid mater that herniate into the dura mater and associate with the lining of dural venous flood sinuses.
Arachnoid Villi
Arachnoid Villi are also called…
Pacchionian Bodies
The most prominent arachnoid villi is found along the…
Superior Sagital Dural Sinus
Function of arachnoid villi…
Allow used CSF to be removed from the subarachnoid space and carried out of the cranial vault by way of the dural venous sinuses
The inner most meninx
Pia Mater
The pia mater is a (vascular/avascular) transparent membrane paired with the arachnoid as part of the _________
Vascular
Leptomeninx
Unlike the other meningeal layers, the pia mater…
Dips into ALL fissures and sulci of the brain and cord.
Outer portion of the pia mater is a complex of…
Cells and collagen bundles continuous with the arachnoid trabeculae
Three structures formed by the outer portion of the pia mater
Blood Vessels (to or from CNS structures)
Denticulate Ligaments
Film Terminale
The deeper portion of the pia mater has fine ________ and ________ fiber which is adherent tot he CNS tissue within
Reticular and Elastic
__________ are sometimes abundant in the deeper portion of the pia mater. They occasionally five rise to tumorous growths.
Melanophores
The pia form a “cuff,” the pill coat, that surrounds…
the larger blood vessels dipping in and out of CNS tissue
An epidural hematoma is most commonly due to… (p. 38)
Rupture of the middle meningeal artery due to head trauma
A subdural hematoma is most commonly due to…
rupture of “bridging veins” due to a “shear injury.”
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage:
Traumatic -
Non-Traumatic -
Traumatic - Associated with cerebral contusions
Non-Traumatic - Associated with a ruptured aneurysm or A-V malformation
Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage usually presents as…
“Worst headache of my life”
The brain takes ___ - ___% of normal cardiac output at rest. It is responsible for nearly ___% of the body’s total metabolic activity
14-17% (of normal cardiac output)
15% (metabolic activity)
The brain utilizes about 20% of the ________ and _______ used per unit time at rest.
Oxygen and Sugar
Approximately _____ of blood is perfused through the brain each minute.
800 ml
Leading cause of death in males and females over 25 years old having high blood pressure.
Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident
CVA
Cerebrovascular Accident
Most strokes or CVAs are… (2)
Due to arterial blockage
Ischemic
Only about 10% of strokes or CVAs are ___________
Hemorrhagic
Blood loss to a brain area results in sudden loss of neurological function.
Stroke
6 symptoms of stroke
Unconsciousness Slow Pulse Flushed Face Slurred Speech Headaches Memory Loss
Most common reported sites of strokes.
Middle cerebral artery and its branches
Most common vessel involved with strokes related to chiropractic manipulation
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
Vessels that supply the majority of blood to the brain.
Internal Carotid Arteries
Only about ___ cerebral arterial circles (of Willis) will fit closely to the pattern given in lecture.
The most common anomalies involve the ________ __________ _______
1/2
Anterior Communicating Artery
The most stable (consistent) side of the cerebral arterial circle is that formed on the _____ by the _____ ________ _______
Left
Left Internal Carotid
Brain Arterial Supply:
Top vertical vessels and the vessel that connects them.
Left and Right Anterior Cerebral Arteries
Anterior Communicating Artery
Brain Arterial Supply:
Two vessels that feed into the cerebral arterial circle.
Left and Right Internal Carotid Arteries
Brain Arterial Supply:
First and second lateral branches and the vessel that connects them (in order)
Left and Right Middle Cerebral Arteries
Left and Right Posterior Communicating Arteries
Left and Right Posterior Cerebral Arteries
Brain Arterial Supply:
Behind the posterior cerebral artery…
Behind that…
Left and Right Superior Cerebellar Artery
Left and Right Pontine Arteries
Brain Arterial Supply:
Two lateral branches posterior to the pontine arteries
Left and Right Internal Auditory Arteries
Left and Right Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries
Brain Arterial Supply:
Center of the arterial supply. What several vessels branch from.
Basilar Artery
Brain Arterial Supply:
Direct branches off the basilar artery
Left and Right Vertebral Arteries
Brain Arterial Supply:
The left and right vertebral arteries pass through…
C1
Brain Arterial Supply:
Internal branch off the vertebral arteries.
Anterior Spinal Artery
Brain Arterial Supply:
Lateral branch off the vertebral arteries…
Posterior branch from that…
Left and Right Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries
Left and Right Posterior Spinal Arteries
Three main blood supply vessels of the spinal cord
Anteromedial Longitudinal Artery Trunk
(2) Posterolateral Longitudinal Artery Trunks
Segmental Artery
Anteromedial Longitudinal Artery Trunk…
Sends nearly 200 branches into the ventral aspect of the cord
Which spinal cord vessel supplies the most blood?
Segmental Artery
Vulnerable areas of the spinal cord blood supply
Posterior Surface of T1 - T3
Anterior Surface of T4 and L1
Space between blood vessels and pia…
This contains… (2)
Perivascular Space
CSF and Interstitial Fluid
As vessels reach the arteriole stage…
Pial Coat is lost
Only Glial Cells
Which has more dense capillary beds - gray or white matter?
Gray
Amount of blood normally present in the brain.
Turnover…
75 ml
~every 6 sec.
The most common capillary type of the CNS is the “_________ ________,” which lacks ______/________
Continuous Capillary
(lacks) Holes/Fenestrae
“VIP” status that it takes to get to the CNS is due mostly to…
Also, ________ are present on up to ___% of the capillary surfaces
Continuous Capillaries
Astrocyte… 85%
Lipid-soluble vs. water-soluble substances in terms of the BBB
Lipid-Soluble will CROSS
Water-Soluble will NOT CROSS
3 lipid soluble substances that will cross the BBB
Caffeine
Alcohol
Nicotine
2 water soluble substances that will NOT cross the BBB
Botox
Dopamine
Venules and veins of the CNS usually… the same course the arteries and arterioles followed inward.
Do NOT follow back
Most cerebral veins penetrate the… (2)
to drain in the _____ ______ ______
Arachnoid Mater and Meningeal Dura
Dural Venous Sinuses
When venous obstruction occur, _______ may be most helpful in reducing cranial blood pressure.
Plexuses
Dural venous sinuses have a simple __________ lining.
Endothelial
Vessels that drain from the scalp into DVSs.
Vessels that drain from bone into DVSs.
Emissary (scalp)
Diploic (bone)
Longest DVS
Superior Sagittal DVS
Just below the superior sagittal dos (2)
Inferior Sagittal DVS (anterior) Straight DVS (posterior)
Inferior continuation of the superior sagittal DVS
Occipital DVS
Inferior and lateral to the straight DVS
Right and Left Transverse DVSs
Branches from the transverse DVSs
Superior Petrosal DVS (left and right) Sigmoid DVS (left and right)
The sigmoid DVS branches to…
and feeds into…
Inferior Petrosal DVS (left and right) Internal Jugular (left and right)
The superior and inferior petrosal DVSs continue to the…
Cavernous DVS
The straight and occipital DVSs usually flows into…
Left Transverse DVS
The junction of the straight, occipital and superior sagittal…
Where does blood flow from there?
Confluence of Sinuses
into the Transverse DVSs
Most blood from the superior sagittal DVS flow into…
Right Transverse DVS
What runs through the cavernous DVSs
3 internal carotid arteries
All members of the phylum _______ have a dorsal, hollow, single nerve cord
Chordata
Specialized ependymal structure that produces CSF.
It produces ___-___% of total
Choroid Plexus
70-80%
Largest ventricle
Lateral Ventricles (right/left)
A glial membrane called the _______ ________ keeps each lateral ventricle totally separate from the other.
Septum Pellucidum
Five parts of the lateral ventricles
Anterior Horn Ventricular Body Collateral Trigone (atrium) Inferior Horn Posterior Horn
A narrow opening in the substance of the diencephalon.
Third Ventricle
Inferiorly, the third ventricle is continuous with the _______ _________ of the mesencephalon
Cerebral Aqueduct
An irregularly shaped expansion between the posteriorly located cerebellum and the anterior pons and cranial half of the medulla oblongata
Fourth Ventricle
Five openings of the fourth ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct Median Foramen Central Canal Right Lateral Foramina Left Lateral Foramina
CSF forms during the ___ and ___ month of fetal development.
It is mostly _______.
5th and 6th
Water
CSF is quite different from _______ ______, but has a close similarity to brain ________ fluid.
Blood Plasma (different from) Brain Interstitial Fluid (similar)
Three functions of CSF
Shock Absorber
Bouancy –> 1500g acts like ~50grams
Other –> Vit. C absorption, Hormone Transport, Lymph Replacement
At any one moment, an individual will have from \_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_ ml of CSF Total Body Fluid: Intracellular Fluid: Extracellular Fluid: Blood Plasma:
CSF: 80 to 150 ml Total: 40 L Intracellular: 25 L Extracellular: 15 L Blood plasma: 3 L
CSF production and overturn…
Overturned 4-5 times/day
We produce 500ml/day
Where most CSF is returned to the blood plasma
Arachnoid Villi
parasympathetic component of the autonomic nervous system innervates which combination of cranial and sacral nerves?
C.N. 3, 7, 9, 10
S2, 3, 4
