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Behavior Management > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is behavior, generally and technically?

A

Generally: anything a person says or does
Technically: any muscular, glandular, or electrical activity of an organism

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2
Q

Synonyms for behavior

A

activity, action, performance, responding, response, reaction

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3
Q

Overt behaviors

A

visible behaviors that could be observed and recorded

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4
Q

Covert behaviors

A

private, internal behaviors, that cannot readily be observed

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5
Q

Cognitive behaviors

A

imagining and private self-talk

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6
Q

Duration of behavior

A

length of time the behavior lasts

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7
Q

Frequency of behavior

A

number of time the behavior occurs in a given time period

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8
Q

Intensity/force of behavior

A

amount of energy or effort involved in emitting the behavior

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9
Q

What are three disadvantages of using summary labels?

A

May lead to false explanations for behavior
Can affect how the individual is treated
May direct our attention to a persons problem behaviors instead of their strengths

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10
Q

Behavioral deficit

A

too little of a behavior

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11
Q

Behavioral excess

A

too much of a behavior

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12
Q

Stimuli

A

the people, objects, and events currently present in one’s immediate surroundings that can affect behavior

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13
Q

Behavior modification

A

systematic application of learning principles and techniques to assess and improve individuals’ covert and overt behaviors in order to enhance their daily functioning

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14
Q

target behavior

A

behavior to be improved

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15
Q

Behavioral assessment

A

collection and analysis of information and data in order to identify and describe target behaviors, identify possible causes of the behavior, guide the selection of an appropriate behavioral treatment, and evaluate treatment outcome

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16
Q

Behavior analysis

A

the scientific study of laws that govern behavior of human beings and other animals

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17
Q

Behavior therapy

A

behavior modification carried out on dysfunctional behavior

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18
Q

Cognitive behavior therapy

A

treating dysfunctional behavior by changing unproductive, debilitating thought patterns that were considered to be responsible for the dysfunctional behavior

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19
Q

Health psychology

A

considers how psychological factors can influence or cause illness and how people can be encouraged to practice healthy behavior to prevent health problems

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20
Q

Community psychology

A

applications to socially significant problems in unstructured community settings where the behavior of individuals is not considered deviant in the traditional sense

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21
Q

Organizational behavior management

A

the application of behavioral principles and methods to the study and control of individual or group behavior within organizational settings

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22
Q

Baseline

A

the observation phase prior to the reinforcement program

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23
Q

Positive reinforcer

A

a stimulus that, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior to increase in frequency

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24
Q

Principle of a positive reinforcer

A

if, in a given situation, somebody does something that is followed immediately by a positive reinforcer, then that person is more likely to do that same thing again

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25
Q

Operant behavior

A

behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences that are in turn influenced by those consequence

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26
Q

Premack principle

A

if the opportunity to engage in a behavior that has a high probability of occurring is made contingent on a behavior that has a low probability of occurring, then the behavior that has a low probability of occurring will be strengthened

27
Q

Deprivation

A

the time during which an individual does not experience a particular reinforcer

28
Q

Satiation

A

a condition in which an individual has experienced a particular reinforcer to such an extent that it is temporarily no longer reinforcing

29
Q

Motivating operation

A

events or conditions that temporarily alter the effectiveness of a reinforcer and alter the frequency of the behavior reinforced by the reinforcer

30
Q

Direct effects

A

the increased frequency of a response because it was immediately followed by that reinforcer

31
Q

Indirect effects

A

the strengthening of a response that is followed by the reinforcer even though the reinforcer is delayed

32
Q

Contingent reinforcement

A

a specific behavior must occur before that reinforcer will be presented

33
Q

Noncontingent reinforcement

A

the reinforcer is presented at a particular time regardless of the preceding behavior

34
Q

adventitious reinforcement

A

behavior accidentally followed by a reinforcer that may be strengthened even if it did not actually produce the reinforcer

35
Q

Superstitious behavior

A

behavior that is strengthened and maintained by adventitious reinforcement

36
Q

Natural environment

A

a setting in which an individual carries out normal, everyday functions

37
Q

Natural reinforcers

A

reinforcers that follow behavior in the corse of everyday living

38
Q

Programmed reinforcers

A

reinforcers that are arranged systematically by psychologists, teachers, and other in behavior modification programs

39
Q

Unconditioned reinforcer

A

stimuli that are reinforcing without prior learning or conditioning

40
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

learned

41
Q

Backup reinforcer

A

when a stimulus becomes a conditioned reinforcer through deliberate association with other reinforcers

42
Q

Tokens

A

conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for backup reinforcers

43
Q

Token economy

A

a behavior modification program in which individuals can earn tokens for specific behaviors and can cash in their tokens for back up reinforcers

44
Q

Conditioned punisher

A

a stimulus that is paired with punishment becomes punishing itself

45
Q

Simple conditioned reinforcer

A

a conditioned reinforcer that is paired with a single backup reinforcer

46
Q

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

A

a stimulus that is paired with more than one kind of backup reinforcer

47
Q

Two principles of extinction

A
  • in a given situation, an individual emits a previously reinforced behavior and that behavior is not followed by a reinforcer
  • that person is less likely to do that same thing again when encountering a similar situation
48
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

a rule specifying which occurrences of a given behavior, if any, will be reinforced

49
Q

Free-operant procedure

A

the individual is “free” to respond repeatedly int he sense that there are no constraints on successive responses

50
Q

Discrete-trials procedure

A

a distinct stimulus is presented prior to an opportunity for a response to occur and be followed by reinforcement and the next response cannot occur until another stimulus is presented

51
Q

FR

A

a reinforcer occurs each time a fixed number of responses of a particular type are emitted

52
Q

ratio strain

A

deterioration of responding from increasing an FR schedule too rapidly

53
Q

VR

A

a reinforcer occurs after a certain number of a particular response and the number of responses required for each reinforcer changes unpredictably

54
Q

FI

A

a reinforcer is presented following the first instance of a specific response after a fixed period of time

55
Q

VI

A

a reinforcer is presented following the first instance of a specific response after an interval of time and the length of the interval varies unpredictably

56
Q

Limited hold

A

a finite amount of time after a reinforcer becomes available that a response will produce it

57
Q

FD

A

a reinforcer is presented only if a behavior occurs continuously for a fixed period of time

58
Q

VD

A

a reinforcer is presented only if a behavior occurs continuously for a fixed period of time and the interval of time changes unpredictably

59
Q

Concurrent schedules of reinforcement

A

when each of two or more behaviors is reinforced on different schedules at the same time

60
Q

DRL

A

a reinforcer is presented only if a particular response occurs at a LOW rate

61
Q

Limited-responding DRL

A

specifies a maximum allowable number of responses during a certain time interval in order to receive reinforcement

62
Q

Spaced-responding DRL

A

requires that a specified behavior not occur during a specified interval and after the interval has passed, an instance of that behavior must then occur in order for a reinforcer to occur

63
Q

DRO

A

a reinforcer is presented only if specified response DOES NOT occur during a specified period of time

64
Q

DRI

A

witholding reinforcement for a target response, and reinforcing an incompatible response

Behavior Management (6 decks)

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