Exam 1 Flashcards
What is Bottom-up processing?
start with details and emerge towards the whole
What is Top-down processing?
start with the whole system and work your way back to the details
Dorsal is..
above
Ventral is..
below
Anterior is..
inner
Posterior is..
outer
Rostral is..
towards the nose
Caudal is..
down, and back
Medial is..
towards the midline
Lateral is..
away from the midline
Superior is..
towards the top of the head
Inferior is..
towards the bottom of the head
Name the three major anatomical planes?
- sagittal
- horizontal
- coronal (transverse)
Define blindsight.
it is the ability of a person who cannot see objects in their blind field to accurately reach for them while remaining “unconscious” of perceiving them
What is significant about the human and ape brain?
they have a 90 degree bend to their neural axis
The Horizontal plane of the brain includes the…
dorsal and ventral views
The Sagittal plane of the brain includes the…
medial and lateral views
The Coronal plan of the brain includes the…
anterior and posterior views
What are the meninges?
3 connective tissue layers that cover the brain
What are the names of the three layers of meninges?
- pia mater (Closest to CNS)
- arachnoid (very thin, like spider web)
- dura mater
What makes up the gray matter?
it is an area of the nervous system that’s densely pack with cell bodies and dendrites
What makes up the white matter?
it is an area of the nervous system that contains mostly myelinated axons (myelin is white)
Development of neurons in the brain involve the following processes:
- proliferation
- migration
- differentiation
- myelination
- synaptogenesis
Stem cells..
are undifferentiated cells found in the interior of the brain that generate “daughter cells” that can transform into glia or neurons
Nerve growth factor (NGF) are…
PROTEINS released by muscles that promotes survival and growth of axons
Neurotrophins are..
CHEMICALS that promote the survival and activity of neurons
Rats raised in more enriched environments developed…
a thicker cortex and increased dendritic branching
What is Edema?
it is an accumulation of fluid in the brain resulting in increased pressure on the brain and increasing the probability of further strokes
What is phantom limb?
the continuation of sensation of an amputated body part
What do cannbinoids do?
they have been shown to potentially minimize cell loss after a brain stroke
Tell me about the cranial nerves.
There are 12 cranial nerves. Cranial nerves allow the medulla to control sensations from the head and muscle movements in the head to the organs. The first is olfactory, which is involved with sensory and smell and the second is optic which is involved with sensory and vision.
What structure joins the two halves of the cerebral cortex?
the corpus callosum
Swollen blood vessels in the meninges are the cause of..?
headaches (migraines)
The precentral gyrus is also known as the..
primary motor cortex
The postcentral gyrus is also known as the..
primary sensory cortex
What is the study of physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience?
biological psychology
Which biological explanation of behavior describes the development of a structure or behavior?
ontogenetic
T/F: Genes are aligned along chromosomes and come in pairs.
TRUE
T/F: RNA serves as a model for the synthesis of DNA?
FALSE (DNA serves as a model for the synthesis of RNA)
What is the term used to describe when a person has an unmatched pair of genes on the 2 chromosomes?
heterozygous
Under what type of conditions is a recessive gene going to show its effect?
Homozygous
All genes, except for sex-linked are what kinds of genes?
autosomal
These are used as anti-inflammatory treatment for strokes to cool the brain.
cannabinoids
What is synaptogenesis?
the formation of synapses between cells
In order for the newly formed cell to get where it needs to go, the radial glia that are moving the cell follows a gradient of what chemicals?
immunoglobins and chemokines
What is a part of the hindbrain and is involved with coordination and movement?
the cerebellum
What structure is involved with connecting the two hemispheres?
the anterior commisure
What structure in the FOREBRAIN is involved with movement production?
basal ganglia
What portion of the midbrain consists of tracts connecting the forebrain and hindbrain?
the ventral portion
What receptors does THC attach to thoughout the brain?
cannabinoid
What is COMT?
an enzyme that converts excess dopamine into inactive chemicals
Ionotropic receptors..
immediately open when a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor
Metabolic receptors..
are slower because they require the neurotransmitter to bind to the receptor which then initiates a sequence of reactions that are required for the channel to open
This term refers to the excretion of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic cell? (leaving)
excytosis
What is the chemical responsible for the breaking down of excess levels of neurotransmitters?
monoamine oxidase
What type of summation is described by having excitatory potentials carrying in from many different presynaptic neurons causing the postsynaptic neurons causing the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire?
spatial
Describe saltatory conduction.
this term is used to describe the action potential propagating down the axon by jumping from node to node.
What type of polarization causes IPSP?
hyper
