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Physiological Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Bottom-up processing?

A

start with details and emerge towards the whole

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2
Q

What is Top-down processing?

A

start with the whole system and work your way back to the details

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3
Q

Dorsal is..

A

above

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4
Q

Ventral is..

A

below

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5
Q

Anterior is..

A

inner

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6
Q

Posterior is..

A

outer

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7
Q

Rostral is..

A

towards the nose

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8
Q

Caudal is..

A

down, and back

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9
Q

Medial is..

A

towards the midline

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10
Q

Lateral is..

A

away from the midline

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11
Q

Superior is..

A

towards the top of the head

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12
Q

Inferior is..

A

towards the bottom of the head

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13
Q

Name the three major anatomical planes?

A
  • sagittal
  • horizontal
  • coronal (transverse)
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14
Q

Define blindsight.

A

it is the ability of a person who cannot see objects in their blind field to accurately reach for them while remaining “unconscious” of perceiving them

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15
Q

What is significant about the human and ape brain?

A

they have a 90 degree bend to their neural axis

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16
Q

The Horizontal plane of the brain includes the…

A

dorsal and ventral views

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17
Q

The Sagittal plane of the brain includes the…

A

medial and lateral views

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18
Q

The Coronal plan of the brain includes the…

A

anterior and posterior views

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19
Q

What are the meninges?

A

3 connective tissue layers that cover the brain

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20
Q

What are the names of the three layers of meninges?

A
  • pia mater (Closest to CNS)
  • arachnoid (very thin, like spider web)
  • dura mater
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21
Q

What makes up the gray matter?

A

it is an area of the nervous system that’s densely pack with cell bodies and dendrites

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22
Q

What makes up the white matter?

A

it is an area of the nervous system that contains mostly myelinated axons (myelin is white)

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23
Q

Development of neurons in the brain involve the following processes:

A
  • proliferation
  • migration
  • differentiation
  • myelination
  • synaptogenesis
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24
Q

Stem cells..

A

are undifferentiated cells found in the interior of the brain that generate “daughter cells” that can transform into glia or neurons

25
Q

Nerve growth factor (NGF) are…

A

PROTEINS released by muscles that promotes survival and growth of axons

26
Q

Neurotrophins are..

A

CHEMICALS that promote the survival and activity of neurons

27
Q

Rats raised in more enriched environments developed…

A

a thicker cortex and increased dendritic branching

28
Q

What is Edema?

A

it is an accumulation of fluid in the brain resulting in increased pressure on the brain and increasing the probability of further strokes

29
Q

What is phantom limb?

A

the continuation of sensation of an amputated body part

30
Q

What do cannbinoids do?

A

they have been shown to potentially minimize cell loss after a brain stroke

31
Q

Tell me about the cranial nerves.

A

There are 12 cranial nerves. Cranial nerves allow the medulla to control sensations from the head and muscle movements in the head to the organs. The first is olfactory, which is involved with sensory and smell and the second is optic which is involved with sensory and vision.

32
Q

What structure joins the two halves of the cerebral cortex?

A

the corpus callosum

33
Q

Swollen blood vessels in the meninges are the cause of..?

A

headaches (migraines)

34
Q

The precentral gyrus is also known as the..

A

primary motor cortex

35
Q

The postcentral gyrus is also known as the..

A

primary sensory cortex

36
Q

What is the study of physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience?

A

biological psychology

37
Q

Which biological explanation of behavior describes the development of a structure or behavior?

A

ontogenetic

38
Q

T/F: Genes are aligned along chromosomes and come in pairs.

A

TRUE

39
Q

T/F: RNA serves as a model for the synthesis of DNA?

A

FALSE (DNA serves as a model for the synthesis of RNA)

40
Q

What is the term used to describe when a person has an unmatched pair of genes on the 2 chromosomes?

A

heterozygous

41
Q

Under what type of conditions is a recessive gene going to show its effect?

A

Homozygous

42
Q

All genes, except for sex-linked are what kinds of genes?

A

autosomal

43
Q

These are used as anti-inflammatory treatment for strokes to cool the brain.

A

cannabinoids

44
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

the formation of synapses between cells

45
Q

In order for the newly formed cell to get where it needs to go, the radial glia that are moving the cell follows a gradient of what chemicals?

A

immunoglobins and chemokines

46
Q

What is a part of the hindbrain and is involved with coordination and movement?

A

the cerebellum

47
Q

What structure is involved with connecting the two hemispheres?

A

the anterior commisure

48
Q

What structure in the FOREBRAIN is involved with movement production?

A

basal ganglia

49
Q

What portion of the midbrain consists of tracts connecting the forebrain and hindbrain?

A

the ventral portion

50
Q

What receptors does THC attach to thoughout the brain?

A

cannabinoid

51
Q

What is COMT?

A

an enzyme that converts excess dopamine into inactive chemicals

52
Q

Ionotropic receptors..

A

immediately open when a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor

53
Q

Metabolic receptors..

A

are slower because they require the neurotransmitter to bind to the receptor which then initiates a sequence of reactions that are required for the channel to open

54
Q

This term refers to the excretion of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic cell? (leaving)

A

excytosis

55
Q

What is the chemical responsible for the breaking down of excess levels of neurotransmitters?

A

monoamine oxidase

56
Q

What type of summation is described by having excitatory potentials carrying in from many different presynaptic neurons causing the postsynaptic neurons causing the postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold and fire?

A

spatial

57
Q

Describe saltatory conduction.

A

this term is used to describe the action potential propagating down the axon by jumping from node to node.

58
Q

What type of polarization causes IPSP?

A

hyper

Physiological Psychology (6 decks)

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