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Physiological Psychology > Chapt. 2 > Flashcards

Chapt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two cells that make up the human nervous system?

A
  • Neurons

* Glia

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2
Q

What are the major components of neurons?

A
  • dendrites
  • soma (cell body)
  • axon
  • presynaptic terminals
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3
Q

Tell me about the cell body (soma).

A
  • contains the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and other structures
  • responsible for the metabolic work of the neuron
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4
Q

Tell me about the membrane.

A
  • it’s a structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment
  • protects, or shields, the cell
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5
Q

Tell me about the nucleus.

A
  • it’s a structure that contains the chromosomes
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6
Q

Tell me about dem motherfucking mitochondria.

A
  • it’s a structure that performs metabolic activates and provides energy that the cell requires
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7
Q

Tell me about ribosomes.

A
  • where the cell synthesizes new protein molecules
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8
Q

Tell me about the endoplasmic reticulum.

A
  • it’s a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to their location
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9
Q

Tell me about dendrites.

A
  • they are the branching fibers at the end of a neuron that are lined with synaptic receptors responsible for bringing info into the neuron
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10
Q

Tell me about the axon.

A
  • it’s a thin fiber of a neuron responsible for transmitting nerve impulses toward other neurons, organs, or muscles
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11
Q

Tell me about the presynaptic terminals.

A
  • the end points of an axon where the release of chemicals to communicate with other neurons occurs
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12
Q

Different types of neurons?

A
  • motor
  • sensory
  • inter
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13
Q

Afferent axon…

A

bring info INTO a structure

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14
Q

Efferent axon…

A

carrying info AWAY from a structure

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15
Q

Name the different types of Glia in the brain

A
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • oligodendrocytes
  • Shwann cells
  • Radial glia
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16
Q

Astrocytes are..

A

a type of glia that help to synchronize the activity of the axon by wrapping around the presynaptic terminal and taking up chemicals released by the axon

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17
Q

Microglia are…

A

a type of glia that remove waste material and other microorganisms that could prove harmful to the neuron

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18
Q

Oligodendrocytes are..

A

these are located in the brain and spinal cord and they build the myelin sheath that surrounds and insulates certain vertebrate axons

19
Q

Shwann cells are

A

these are located in the periphery of the body and they also build the myelin sheath that surrounds and insulates certain vertebrate axons

20
Q

Radial glia are..

A

a type of glia that guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development

21
Q

What is the Blood-Brain Barrier?

A

a mechanism that surrounds the brain and blocks most chemicals from entering

22
Q

What is active transport?

A

the protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain

23
Q

What are are some things active transport brings into the brain?

A

glucose, certain hormones, amino acids, a few types of vitamins

24
Q

What is glucose?

A

a sugar that is one of the few nutrients that CAN pass through the blood brain barrier

25
Q

What do vertebrate neurons depend almost entirely on for nourishment?

A

GLUCOSE!

26
Q

What is a nerve impulse?

A

an electrical message that is transmitted down the axon of a neuron

27
Q

What is resting potential?

A

the state of the neuron prior to the sending of an impulse

28
Q

What is polarization?

A

a difference in the electrical charge of two locations ( a difference in the electrical charge inside/outside of a cell)

29
Q

The membrane is selectively permeable. What does this mean?

A

it means it allows some chemicals to pass more freely than others (hence SELECTIVE)

30
Q

What is depolarization?

A

a decreasing of polarization towards 0

31
Q

What is happening to sodium and potassium when the membrane is at rest?

A
  • sodium channels are closed

- potassium channels are slightly closed, allowing for a slow passage of potassium

32
Q

What is action potential?

A

a rapid depolarization of the neuron (this occurs when their is a stimulation of the neuron past the action potential’s threshold of excitation)

33
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

increasing the polarization or the difference between the electrical charge of two places

34
Q

What do Voltage-Activated Channels do?

A

these are membrane channels whose permeability depend upon the voltage difference across the membrane

35
Q

The All-or-None Law states that..

A

the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it

36
Q

Action potentials vary from one neuron to another in terms of…

A
  • amplitude
  • velocity
  • shape
37
Q

What happens during a refractory period?

A

at this time the neuron resists the production of another action potential (this happens after an action potential)

38
Q

What are the two types of refractory periods?

A

Absolute (happens first and cannot produce an action potential) and Relative (happens second and it takes a stronger than usual stimulus to trigger action potential)

39
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

swelling where the axon exits the soma (cell body)

40
Q

What are the short, unmyelinated interrupted sections in the myelin sheath of axons?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

41
Q

What is Saltatory Conduction?

A

a term used to describe the “jumping” of the action potential from node to node (provides fast conduction of impulses and conserves energy for the cell)

42
Q

Local neurons have..

A

short axons that exchange info with only close neighbors and do NOT produce action potentials

43
Q

When local neurons are stimulated they produce..

A

graded potentials which are membrane potentials that vary in magnitude and do NOT follow the all-or-none law

Physiological Psychology (6 decks)

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