Chapt. 4 Flashcards
What does the Bell-Magendie Law state?
it states that dorsal roots bring sensory info in, while ventral roots bring motor info out
Afferent neurons..
bring info in to the spinal cord (dorsal roots)
Efferent neurons..
carry info away from the spinal cord (ventral roots)
Which vertebrae are associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
thoracic & lumbar
Which vertebrae are associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
cervical & sacral
What is evolutionally the oldest part of the brain?
the hindbrain
Which part of the brain controls muscle tone and integrates visual info?
the midbrain
What is included in the forebrain (prosencephalon) ?
the thalamus, diencephalon, hypthalamus and the cerebrum
What does the Telencephalon include?
the cerebrum, limbic, & basal ganglia
What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?
- frontal - parietal - temporal - occipital
What is the amygdala important for?
emotion and fear
What type of memory is the Hippocampus involved with?
long-term
What is the Septum important for?
pleasure
What does the Diencephalon include?
the thalamus and hypothalamus
The thalamus…
relays info
The hypothalamus..
controls the pituitary gland and regulated behaviors such as eating, drinking, sleeping, temperature and emotion
What is the reticulur formation important for?
arousal (damage would result in a coma)
The midbrain relays info..
from the hindbrain to the forebrain
The cerebellum is involved with …
coordination of movement
The pons are..
bridges between cerebral cortex and cerebellum
What is include in the Myelencephalon?
the medulla which is involved with breathing, HR, coughing (life support)
Everything outside the spinal cord is the …
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Metencephalon includes the ….
cerebellum and the pons
Is the autonomic or somatic nervous system involved with non-voluntary movement?
autonomic
Define Fight or Flight.
it is everything that one needs to be more alert and ready for action
What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System’s job?
to relax the body
What are organelles?
specialized structures in the cell with specific functions
What is the membrane?
a phospholipid bilayer with proteins (ion channels)
The nucleus..
contains DNA and transcription occurs here
What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do?
makes proteins & lipids
A rough Endoplasmic Reticulum..
is where the protein traslation occurs and has ribosomes
A smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum..
is the synthesis of lipids and does NOT have ribosomes
What do ribosomes do?
they translate mRNA into proteins and are attached to the ER or free floating
What do mitochondria produce?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
it modifies and stores proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
transcription occurs in the nucleus and goes from DNA to mRNA while translation occurs in the cytoplasm and goes from mRNA to proteins
What contribution did Cajal make to psychology?
he was the first to demonstrate that the individual cells compromising the nervous system remained separate.
The soma, or cell body…
contains the nucleus and other organelles needed for cell function
Dendrites…
recieve info
Axons..
send info out (action potential)
What is a terminal button?
the bud at the end of the axon that sends messages/forms synapses with other neurons
What is a synapse?
a junction between the terminal button of one axon and the soma or dendrite membrane of another neuron; where signal goes from one neuron to the next
The myelin sheath includes…
Schwann cells that myelinate axons in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
spaces with no myelination on a mylinated axon between either Schwann cells or Oligodendrocyte
A multipolar neuron…
a type of neuron that possess a single axon and many dendrites which allows for the integration of a great deal of info from other neurons
A bipolar neuron…
has two extensions (they are specialized sensory neurons)
What are pseudo-unipolar neurons?
they are unipolar neurons that begin as bipolar neurons during development
Monopolar neurons..
have only one prominent neurite extending from the perikaryon which then branches into two long processes (one central and the other peripheral)
Motor neurons are neurons that…
recieve excitation from other neurons and conduct impulses along its axon to a muscle
Sensory neurons are neurons that..
specialize at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation such as touch, light, sound, etc.
Interneurons are neurons whose…
dendrites and axons are completely contained within a single structure
Name the different types of Glial cells.
- astrocytes
- microglia
- radial glia
- gliosis
- schwann cells
- oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes are involved with….
nourishment, waste removal, the forming of scar tissue and are part of the blood brain barrier
Microglia are involved with…
waste removal
Radial glia are involved with…
development
Gliosis is involved with..
the forming of scar tissue
Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes are involved with…
myelination
Define the blood-brain barrier.
it is where the veins in the brain are not leaky like the ones in the body. Only fat-soluble molecules can pass through freely.
