Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the layers of the Cerebellum
Molecular - outermost layer
Purkinje cell - single layer of neurons
Granular cell - hypercellular, small cells
Betz cells
largest pyramidal neurons of primary motor cortex
Purkinje cells
large, arborizing neurons in cerebellar cortex
Granular cells
small neurons in cerebellar and cerebral cortices
Hypertrophy
caused by increased demand or by stimulation by hormones and growth factors
Atrophy
Shrinkage of tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number
Neoplasia
abnormal proliferation of cells
Metaplasia
happens before neoplasia; abnormal growth
Acute inflammation
rapid lasts for hours-days (edema)
chronic inflammation
- marked by lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue destruction
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
conditions that reveals neuronal loss and tau deposits in neurons and astrocytes
Neuropil is composed of
unmyelinated axons, and processes of astrocytes
Why would a posterior cerebral artery stroke cause hemiparesis
The stroke may have been an ischemic stroke and cut off blood flow the the occipital lobe causing there to be hemiparesis
subdural hematoma symptoms
man hits his head and has muscle weakness and motor aphasia
an influx of Calcium does what
activates catabolic enzymes
In hypoxia free radicals are where
mitochondria
necrosis
outside job, breaks apart slowly with inflammatory response, takes a few hours
apoptosis
inside job, breaks down the membrane, no inflammatory response, takes a few days
where are colored neurons found
Pons, medulla, midbrain
subdural hematoma damages what structure
dural bridging vein
left uncus herniation causes
fixed dilated left pupil
the two main phagocytes in the brain
microglia and macrophages
normal neurons have
nissil bodies
MCA occlusion deaths occur
in 3-4 days
tau proteins:
link microtubules to one another
neurons are more sensitive to glial cells because they have higher ___ and produce ____
energy demands; glutamate
cytotoxic edema
develops early
leptomeningeal vessels create
perivascular space
DAI
Diffuse axonal injury, cerebrum glides back and forth, occurs largely in car crashes
best imaging for acute head injuries
CT
Corpora amylacea
spherical intracytoplasmic bodies of carbohydrate polymers that develop in astrocytic processes with advancing age
gliding contusion
result of child abuse (SBS)
necrotic brain tissue
microglial nodules
degenerating neurons
neuronophagia
embolic infarcts
abrupt onset
SBS clinical features
Encephalopathy
Subdural hematomas
Retinal hemorrhages
axonal swelling occurs in
Ischemic infarcts
Diffuse axonal injury
Around intracerebral hematomas
gliosis
would be present after 3 month spinal cord injury
what changes occur in CNS parenchyma
eosinophilic neurons
Bruised line behind an ear, caused by fracture of petrous bone
Mastoid (battle sign)
If circulation ceases, the energy supplies stored in brain cells are enough to last
1-2 minutes
The most common cause of HIE in a 60 year old patient is
Cardiac arrest
Neurons damaged by hypoxia or trauma discharge
Glutamate
free radicals are generated in the:
mitochondria
Cerebral edema in HIE is caused by
arachidonic acid and lactic acid
What is most vulnerable in HIE
caudate nucleus
The respirator brain is caused by
autolysis of a non-perfused brain
The window of opportunity for rescuing the penumbra is:
3-4 hours
Fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery cause
undergo thrombosis causing ischemic infarction of the pons
Amnesia involving recent and old memory may result from bilateral lesions of
hippocampus and amygdala or the thalamus
The intracellular process that triggers cell injury in HIE is:
Increased intracellular calcium
persistent vegetative state may result from extensive damage of
cerebral cortex and thalamus
Risk factors for cerebral arterial occlusion and ischemic infarction iclude
Elevated homocysteine and Factor V Leiden
Asphyxia means
pulselessness
Porencephaly
lesion which occurs in the second or third trimester
*A baby boy was born at 29 weeks of gestation and was discharged from the NICU at 34 weeks. At 7 months of age, spasticity of the lower extremities is apparent.. The most likely cause of the abnormality is:
White matter damage due to ischemia
The white matter is most frequently affected by HIE in:
Premature infants
What identifies damaged axons in diffuse axonal injury
Beta amyloid precursor protein
Beta amyloid precursor protein is produced by
neurons at the time of traumatic brain injury
A fibrous inner membrane encapsulating the subdural hematoma develops in
4-6 weeks
Who is most susceptible to developing a subdural hematoma
72 year old patient with Alzheimer disease
The most common traumatic brain injury is
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Yellow (or orange) plaques (“Taches Jaunes”) are:
Old contusions
Axonal swellings occur mainly in :
Ischemic infarcts, Diffuse axonal injury, Around intracerebral hematomas
petechiae, in diffuse axonal injury, are found most commonly in:
The corpus callosum, and dorsolateral brainstem
The Bielschowsky stain shows axonal swellings in:
15 hours
The brain of a 62 year old former professional boxer who has dementia and Parkinsonian manifestations shows:
Neurofibrillary tanglesB.
A patient with a glioblastoma multiforme in the right frontoparietal area develops right hemiparesis and a fixed dilated right pupil. The cause of these neurological findings is:
Right temporal lobe herniation
