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Medical Neuropathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the layers of the Cerebellum

A

Molecular - outermost layer
Purkinje cell - single layer of neurons
Granular cell - hypercellular, small cells

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2
Q

Betz cells

A

largest pyramidal neurons of primary motor cortex

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3
Q

Purkinje cells

A

large, arborizing neurons in cerebellar cortex

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4
Q

Granular cells

A

small neurons in cerebellar and cerebral cortices

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5
Q

Hypertrophy

A

caused by increased demand or by stimulation by hormones and growth factors

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6
Q

Atrophy

A

Shrinkage of tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number

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7
Q

Neoplasia

A

abnormal proliferation of cells

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8
Q

Metaplasia

A

happens before neoplasia; abnormal growth

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9
Q

Acute inflammation

A

rapid lasts for hours-days (edema)

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10
Q

chronic inflammation

A
  • marked by lymphocytes and macrophages, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue destruction
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11
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

conditions that reveals neuronal loss and tau deposits in neurons and astrocytes

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12
Q

Neuropil is composed of

A

unmyelinated axons, and processes of astrocytes

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13
Q

Why would a posterior cerebral artery stroke cause hemiparesis

A

The stroke may have been an ischemic stroke and cut off blood flow the the occipital lobe causing there to be hemiparesis

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14
Q

subdural hematoma symptoms

A

man hits his head and has muscle weakness and motor aphasia

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15
Q

an influx of Calcium does what

A

activates catabolic enzymes

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16
Q

In hypoxia free radicals are where

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

necrosis

A

outside job, breaks apart slowly with inflammatory response, takes a few hours

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18
Q

apoptosis

A

inside job, breaks down the membrane, no inflammatory response, takes a few days

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19
Q

where are colored neurons found

A

Pons, medulla, midbrain

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20
Q

subdural hematoma damages what structure

A

dural bridging vein

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21
Q

left uncus herniation causes

A

fixed dilated left pupil

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22
Q

the two main phagocytes in the brain

A

microglia and macrophages

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23
Q

normal neurons have

A

nissil bodies

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24
Q

MCA occlusion deaths occur

A

in 3-4 days

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25
Q

tau proteins:

A

link microtubules to one another

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26
Q

neurons are more sensitive to glial cells because they have higher ___ and produce ____

A

energy demands; glutamate

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27
Q

cytotoxic edema

A

develops early

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28
Q

leptomeningeal vessels create

A

perivascular space

29
Q

DAI

A

Diffuse axonal injury, cerebrum glides back and forth, occurs largely in car crashes

30
Q

best imaging for acute head injuries

A

CT

31
Q

Corpora amylacea

A

spherical intracytoplasmic bodies of carbohydrate polymers that develop in astrocytic processes with advancing age

32
Q

gliding contusion

A

result of child abuse (SBS)

33
Q

necrotic brain tissue

A

microglial nodules

34
Q

degenerating neurons

A

neuronophagia

35
Q

embolic infarcts

A

abrupt onset

36
Q

SBS clinical features

A

Encephalopathy
Subdural hematomas
Retinal hemorrhages

37
Q

axonal swelling occurs in

A

Ischemic infarcts
Diffuse axonal injury
Around intracerebral hematomas

38
Q

gliosis

A

would be present after 3 month spinal cord injury

39
Q

what changes occur in CNS parenchyma

A

eosinophilic neurons

40
Q

Bruised line behind an ear, caused by fracture of petrous bone

A

Mastoid (battle sign)

41
Q

If circulation ceases, the energy supplies stored in brain cells are enough to last

A

1-2 minutes

42
Q

The most common cause of HIE in a 60 year old patient is

A

Cardiac arrest

43
Q

Neurons damaged by hypoxia or trauma discharge

A

Glutamate

44
Q

free radicals are generated in the:

A

mitochondria

45
Q

Cerebral edema in HIE is caused by

A

arachidonic acid and lactic acid

46
Q

What is most vulnerable in HIE

A

caudate nucleus

47
Q

The respirator brain is caused by

A

autolysis of a non-perfused brain

48
Q

The window of opportunity for rescuing the penumbra is:

A

3-4 hours

49
Q

Fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery cause

A

undergo thrombosis causing ischemic infarction of the pons

50
Q

Amnesia involving recent and old memory may result from bilateral lesions of

A

hippocampus and amygdala or the thalamus

51
Q

The intracellular process that triggers cell injury in HIE is:

A

Increased intracellular calcium

52
Q

persistent vegetative state may result from extensive damage of

A

cerebral cortex and thalamus

53
Q

Risk factors for cerebral arterial occlusion and ischemic infarction iclude

A

Elevated homocysteine and Factor V Leiden

54
Q

Asphyxia means

A

pulselessness

55
Q

Porencephaly

A

lesion which occurs in the second or third trimester

56
Q

*A baby boy was born at 29 weeks of gestation and was discharged from the NICU at 34 weeks. At 7 months of age, spasticity of the lower extremities is apparent.. The most likely cause of the abnormality is:

A

White matter damage due to ischemia

57
Q

The white matter is most frequently affected by HIE in:

A

Premature infants

58
Q

What identifies damaged axons in diffuse axonal injury

A

Beta amyloid precursor protein

59
Q

Beta amyloid precursor protein is produced by

A

neurons at the time of traumatic brain injury

60
Q

A fibrous inner membrane encapsulating the subdural hematoma develops in

A

4-6 weeks

61
Q

Who is most susceptible to developing a subdural hematoma

A

72 year old patient with Alzheimer disease

62
Q

The most common traumatic brain injury is

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

63
Q

Yellow (or orange) plaques (“Taches Jaunes”) are:

A

Old contusions

64
Q

Axonal swellings occur mainly in :

A

Ischemic infarcts, Diffuse axonal injury, Around intracerebral hematomas

65
Q

petechiae, in diffuse axonal injury, are found most commonly in:

A

The corpus callosum, and dorsolateral brainstem

66
Q

The Bielschowsky stain shows axonal swellings in:

A

15 hours

67
Q

The brain of a 62 year old former professional boxer who has dementia and Parkinsonian manifestations shows:

A

Neurofibrillary tanglesB.

68
Q

A patient with a glioblastoma multiforme in the right frontoparietal area develops right hemiparesis and a fixed dilated right pupil. The cause of these neurological findings is:

A

Right temporal lobe herniation

Medical Neuropathology (10 decks)

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