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Intro to Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microbiology

A

study or organisms too small to be seen clearly with the human eye

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2
Q

bacteriology

A

the study of bacteria and diseases they cause

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3
Q

mycology

A

the study of fungi and fungal diseases

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4
Q

parasitology

A

the study of pathogenic protozoa and their diseases

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5
Q

virology

A

the study of viruses and viral diseases

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6
Q

who is credited with the first accurate description of bacteria

A

Leeuwenhoek

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7
Q

who is responsible for finally ending the controversy surrounding the theory of spontaneous generation

A

Pasteur

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8
Q

what commercially important process was Pasteur studying when he developed the technique of pasteurization

A

fermentation of wine

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9
Q

who was the first person to attempt to control infection during surgery through the use of an antiseptic

A

Lister

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10
Q

who was the first person to demonstrate the causative role of bacteria in infectious disease

A

Koch

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11
Q

what group of infectious agents was discovered by examining bacterial-free filtrates

A

viruses

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12
Q

what investigator first discovered the concept of immunization

A

Jenner

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13
Q

what is bacteremia

A

the presence of bacteria in the blood

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14
Q

what is sepsis

A

bacteria multiplying and forming toxins in the blood (serious life threatening)

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15
Q

what is the term used to describe the ability of an organism to produce disease

A

virulence

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16
Q

what is a carrier

A

harbors a pathogenic organism but has no symptoms of disease, but could pass it on

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17
Q

what is an obligate pathogen

A

organism that always causes disease

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18
Q

what is an opportunistic pathogen

A

causes disease only under certain conditions

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19
Q

what is antiseptic

A

removes or inhibits growth of microorganisms on living tissue

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20
Q

what is disinfectant

A

removes or inhibits growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects

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21
Q

bacteria shapes

A

cocci, bacilli, spirals

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22
Q

amphitrichous flagella

A

one flagella at both ends

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23
Q

atrichous

A

no flagella

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24
Q

lophotrichous flagella

A

more than one flagella at one end

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25
Q

monotrichous flagella

A

one flagella at one end

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26
Q

peritrichous flagella

A

flagella all over the cell

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27
Q

characteristics of bacterial spores

A

only in Gram +, do not stain with Gram stain, dormant state that is resistant to drying, heat, chemical disinfectants and radiation

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28
Q

prokaryotic organisms

A

nuclear structures are without limiting membranes

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29
Q

prokaryotic organisms examples

A

bacteria and blue-green algae

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30
Q

eukaryotic organisms

A

possess true nuclei

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31
Q

eukaryotic organisms examples

A

fungi, algae, protozoa, plants and animals

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32
Q

what is the most specific basis for the taxonomy and classification of bacteria

A

nucleic acid hemology

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33
Q

phototrophs

A

obtain energy from the sun

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34
Q

what is the term used to describe organisms that use only molecular oxygen as the final hydrogen acceptor in respiration

A

obligate aerobes

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35
Q

what is the final hydrogen acceptor in fermentation

A

an organic compound

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36
Q

what is meant by facultative

A

organism can grow with or without oxygen

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37
Q

how would you classify an organism that grows best a body temperature

A

mesophilic

38
Q

what is the most convenient method for obtaining a pure culture from a mixed culture

A

streak plate

39
Q

what is mordant

A

gives dye an attachment point, increases the affinity of the dye

40
Q

what stains are used to demonstrate the presence of acid-fast bacteria

A

Zeihl-Neilsen, Kinyoun method, and fluorochrome method

41
Q

melting point of agar

A

97 C (100)

42
Q

gelling point of agar

A

45 C

43
Q

how would you characterize sheep’s blood agar

A

Enriched differential media (differentiates hemolysis)

44
Q

several aspects of a quality control program in the microbiology laboratory

A

reagents, temperature, personnel, media

45
Q

what is the most generally used means of sterilization for the hospital laboratory

A

autoclave

46
Q

how would you sterilize media that cannot withstand high temperatures

A

filtration

47
Q

how was penicillin “accidentally” discovered?

A

Fleming was trying to grow bacteria, but it got contaminated and the bacteria would not grow near the mold (penicillin)

48
Q

how would omitting mordant affect the Gram stain?

A

the dye would get washed out during decolorization and be pink

49
Q

what portion of the bacterial cell has the most to do with whether it stains Gram pos or neg

A

cell wall

50
Q

what chemical constituent of this structure is responsible

A

lipids and peptidoglycan

51
Q

list several conditions necessary for the optimum cultivation of bacteria

A

proper incubation temperature, moisture, pH, atmosphere

52
Q

describe the various modes of action of disinfectants

A

react with cytoplasmic membrane, denatures cellular proteins and enzymes, damages DNA and/or RNA

53
Q

what antiseptic is used to prepare the skin for venipuncture

A

isopropyl alcohol

54
Q

what is the best overall disinfectant for hospital use

A

10% Clorox

55
Q

list several characteristics of an acceptable clinical specimen for microbiology

A

sterile container, labeled properly, time of collection and received

56
Q

how soon should all specimens be cultured

A

as soon as possible

57
Q

normally sterile areas of the body

A

CSF, blood, joints, body cavities, gall bladder, stomach, duodenum, renal tract, middle ear

58
Q

normally inhabited areas of the body

A

skin, auditory canal, eye, mouth, throat, sputum from respiratory tract, large bowel, vagina

59
Q

when you read cultures from areas that have normal flora, what is the main consideration

A

recognizing what should not be there

60
Q

Micrococcus appearance

A

very large and yellow

61
Q

Gaffkya appearance

A

occur in tetrads

62
Q

Sarcina appearance

A

bright yellow pigment in groups of eight

63
Q

what test is used to distinguish Strep and Staph

A

catalase

64
Q

catalase test for strep

A

catalase negative

65
Q

catalase test for staph

A

catalase positive

66
Q

What is the tube coagulase test?

A

take organism put it in tube of diluted plasma and incubate

67
Q

What type of coagulase does tube coagulase test for?

A

free coagulase

68
Q

What is hyaluronidase?

A

known as the “spreading factor,” dissolves the substance between the cells allowing the organism to penetrate the tissues

69
Q

name characteristics of the enterotoxin produced by S. aureus

A

enterotoxin is an exotoxin that acts on intestines, it is not destroyed by boiling, causes food poisoning

70
Q

what technique is used to track down the specific strain of S. aureus responsible for outbreaks of infection in the nursery or O.R.?

A

phage typing

71
Q

Name some of the diseases caused by Staph

A

pimples, boils, acne, cystitis, gastroenteritis, sepsis, meningitis, acute bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, scalded skin syndrome, TSS, impetigo

72
Q

What biochemical characteristics distinguish aureus from epidermidis

A

coagulase, salt tolerance, DNase; aureus is positive for all, epidermidis is negative

73
Q

how is saprophytic differentiated from other Staph?

A

saprophyticus is resistant to novamycin, S. epi is not resistant

74
Q

colony of Staph aureus that is trapped in agar pour plate is small and hemolytic resembles what Strep

A

Beta Strep

75
Q

what is the purpose of stabbing the agar when doing a throat culture?

A

enhance hemolysis due to Streptolysin O

76
Q

which hemolysin is enhanced by stabbing the agar?

A

Streptolysin O that stands for oxygen labile

77
Q

which of Lancefield’s groups of Strep are responsible for most clinical infections?

A

Group A Beta Strep

78
Q

what Lancefield group is Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Group A

79
Q

which group does Streptococcus agalactiae belong?

A

Group B

80
Q

which group of Streptococcus is associated with UTI’s and wound infections, but are normal flora of the GI tract?

A

Group D Strep

81
Q

what is the role of the capsule in infections due to Strep. pneumoniae?

A

primary virulence factor

82
Q

what is the most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)?

A

Alpha Strep viridans

83
Q

what organism would be indicated by a Gram stain of foul smelling pus from a brain abscess that shows Gram positive cocci in chains?

A

anaerobic Strep

84
Q

which strain of Streptococcus is associated with infections due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Streptococcus MG

85
Q

What is the reagent used for the oxidase test used in the identification of Neisseria?

A

tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamene dihydrochloride

86
Q

What antibiotics are found in MTM

A

vancomycin, colistin, nystatin

87
Q

what does vancomycin do

A

inhibit Gram pos

88
Q

what does colistin do

A

inhibit Gram neg rods

89
Q

what does nystatin do

A

inhibits yeast and molds

90
Q

what infections are caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

Gonorrhea, opthalmia neonatorum, arthritis

91
Q

what specimen is used to detect carriers of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

throat culture

92
Q

What enzyme is produced by strains of Neisseria that are resistant to penicillin?

A

Beta-lactamase

Intro to Microbiology (4 decks)

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