Exam 1 Flashcards
What is the importance of the Start Codon?
It marks the start of translation in conjunction with other signals.
E sites
The exit site where the tRNA from the P sites are released from the E sites
A sites
The next charged tRNA carrying an amino acid goes into the A sited where a peptide bond is form between the amino acid and the growing chain in the p site.
P site
where the growing pep tide chain is held
What is the three step process in Elongation.
- Aminoacyl-tRNA with the matching codon is brought to the A site by elongation factor.
- The growing peptide is moved to the tRNA in the A site
- The tRNA with the growing chain is transcribe to the p sites and the uncharged tRNA that was in the P site is released through the E site.
True or False aminoacyl -tRNA without the right codon are brought to the A site.
False
Germline mutation -
Can be inherited through gametes cell
Somatic Mutation-
occur in non gamete cells .
Mutation-
An heritable changes in genetic information
True or False Point mutation only occurs in a single chromosome
True
Missense Mutation
a nucleotide substitution that alters the codon to produce a different amino acid in protein product.
Nonsense Mutation
is a mutation that changes a codon so that a termination occurs.
Framshift mutation
inserting or deletion base pairs (may have far more reaching effects than missence).
Four types of chromosomal mutation.
inversion trans-location deletion duplication.
Clade
All the descendents of a common ancestor (node) on the tree.
Monophyly
A group that contains all the ancestors
Paraphyly
“besides the tribe” these group contain the same ancestors but different group like reptiles they could not be a monophyly because they do not (but do include) include birds.
Polyphyly
Groups together groups who do not have a common ancestor “ many tribes”
Parisomy
The philosophy of reconstructing phylogeny (most likely phylogeny is on that requires the fewest number of evolutionary changes.)
Homology
same function,inherited from the same ancestor
Homoplasy
Serve the same function but not the from the common ancestor.
Symplesiomorphy
Shared, ancestral triat
Synapomorphy
Shared derived trait
Convergence
evolved similarities caused by independent solution to common enviromental challenges
True or false is it reasonable to follow the assumptions parisomy
True
Natural selection postulate list all three
- Individuals who make up a populations have varied heritable traits
- More offspring are produce than can survive.
- Individual with certain traits are likely to breed and survive.
True or False evolution can only occur if there is alleles present.
True
The Good hypothesis
Sexual species can adapt faster
The bad Hypothesis
Sex can purge harmful mutation
The ugly hypothesis
Sex can create variable offspring.
The genetic code is———,———,———, and———–.
Redundant
unambiguous
Conservative
Universal
What is repsonsible for catalyzing the enzymes for splicing of the mRNA introns
snRNP
If you know an amino acid sequence of a protein, you can predict the entire mature mRNA sequence that produced it.
TRUE or FALSE
False
Leading strand synthesis
Synthesis occurs continuously because the 3’end of the growing strand faces the replication fork.
Lagging strand synthesis
the 3’end of the growing strand faces away from the replication fork in the lagging strand DNA polymerase can not move constantly on the strand or it will get to far away from the replication fork so the polymerase detach and reattach to the strand
Sexual reproduction
the fusion of two haploid cells produces a diploid organisms.
Genotypes
The genetic make up of an organism traits
Phenotypes
Physical traits passed
Transcription
is the process of creating an RNA molecule that is complementary to a template sequenc
Two fold cost of sex
asexual beings have twice as many offspring
Sex
is the process that involves the combinations of two complete genome.
Sigma binds to the promoter region. TRUE or False
True
Promoters are located at …….
The -10 and -35 and are the same in all bacteria
True or false RNA polymerase can not start transcription if the sigma is not bonded to the DNA.
True
True or False RNA polymerase and DNA Polymerase do not both place nucleotides on the 3’ end
False
Genes
Parts of the DNA that codes for proteins.
What is the role of RNA polymerase
To extend the strand of the growing molecule.
