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Biology 1311 > Chapters 1-6 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

The evolution of sex most likely occurred?

A

In the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.

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2
Q

Name the disadvantage of sex?

A

Sexual populations can not, on average, produce far more offspring than asexual populations

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3
Q

Name advantages of sex?

A

Sexual populations are better able to adapt to parasitism than asexual populations.

Sexual populations may be able to evolve faster than asexual populations

Sexual populations may accumulate fewer harmful mutations than asexual populations

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4
Q

You set up an experiment to test whether female birds with greater access to prey lay heavier eggs. What is the dependent variable (i.e., what you’re going to measure)?

A

The eggs

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5
Q

You set up an experiment to test whether female birds with greater access to prey lay heavier eggs. What is the independent variable.

A

access to prey

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6
Q

Using statistics tells us whether the result of a study is different from random chance.

A

True

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7
Q
  1. All living organisms are:
    a. Capable of acquiring and using energy.

b. Composed of membrane-bound cells.
c. Members of populations, which evolve by natural selection.
d. All of the above.

A

D

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8
Q

In the hierarchy of science theory comes before law.

A

True

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9
Q

The major advantage of sexual reproduction is

A

Sex creates variation among offspring.

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10
Q

What subunits make up a nucleotide?

A

A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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11
Q

True or False RNA and DNA are both made of nucleotides.

A

True

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12
Q

How are nucleotides in a DNA polymer connected ?

A

The sugar of one nucleotide is bonded to the phosphate group of the next nucleotide.

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13
Q

Primase?

A

catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA primer

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14
Q

DNA polymerase

A

extends the strand of synthesized DNA

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15
Q

What protein catalyzes joining of fragments of lagging strand into continuous strand?

A

Ligase

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16
Q

What Protein hod the the double helix together as it separates?

A

Topoisermase

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17
Q

How does the simple structure of DNA hold the information needed to code for the many features of multicellular organisms?

A

The nitrogenous base sequence of DNA carries all the information needed to code for proteins.

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18
Q

What is responsible for encoding the information for building protein and is it true that it codes only protein?

A

Genes and False

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19
Q

What are proteins.

A

Chains of polypeptides which are made up of multiple amino acids linked together.

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20
Q

True or False DNA is the intermediary for DNA and RNA

A

False RNA is the intermediary transporting codes to the ribsomes from the nucleus.

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21
Q

Name the steps of translation?

A

Initiation Elongation and termination

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22
Q

There should be a strong positive correlation between the rate of protein synthesis in a cell and……

A.the quantity of DNA polymerase.

B. the number of ribosomes.

C. the size of the genome.

D. the size of mRNA

A

?

23
Q

Helicase

A

The enzyme responsible for breaking the hydrogen bond to begin replication.

24
Q

The process of transferring Dna to RNA to the protiens?

A

Central Dogma

25
Q

Gene Expression

A

Is the process of encoding information onto the Rna Which then translates it to a polypeptide.

26
Q

True or false Prokaryotes Transcription unit codes for only one gene/

A

False, In the quantity of DNA polymerase.
the number of ribosomes.
the size of the genome.
the size of mRNA the transcripition unit codes fro multiple while in eukaryotes codes for only one gene.

27
Q

The Templet strand?

A

Is the strand copied to make the RNA copy.

28
Q

RNA purpose during transcription is?

A

To add nucleotides to the growing RNA molecule.

29
Q

True or False you can tell whether the process of transcription is eukaryotic and prokaryotic by the polymerase?

A

True, Prokaryotic only use Polymerase 1 to sythesize all three types of RNA while Eukaryotes use different types of polymerase.

30
Q

When does the RNA polymerase 1 binds to the promoter a specific region of the DNA.

A

Before Transcription

31
Q

Promoter generally contain a sequence of DNA called a ?

A

TATA Box

32
Q

How many nucleotides upstream is the TATA box located

A

25 or -25

33
Q

Is it true that TATA box cannot be recognize on its own and if so what is needed to recognize it?

A

True and yes it need something called transcription factors to bind to it.

34
Q

True or False RNA moves along 5’ to 3.

A

False it moves along 3’ to 5’ but attaches molecules from 5’ to 3’.

35
Q

Explain why DNA and RNA are not the only in the process of transcription and describe what is and what role it plays.

A

DNA and RNA are not the only process in transcription because they are tightly packed around a core protein histones (protein). Because they are compacted it makes it difficult to get to binding sites making histones a fundemental part of transcriptions.

36
Q

Describe the chromatin structure Nucleosomes.

A

A DNA segment is wound up by two copies of the four types of histone forming the first level of the structure.

37
Q

What is the information transcribed from the RNA used for.

A

The manufacturing of of polypeptide.

38
Q

Where does ?translation occur.

A

Ribsomes

39
Q

Where does transcription and translation occur in Prokaryotes and is it the same for Eukaryotes.

A

The same place because they have the no nucleus. No Transcription happens in nucleus and Translation happens outside the nucleus

40
Q

True or False codon are the genetic code in stakes of three that is read?

A

True

41
Q

Which of the three hypothesis explaining the evolution of sex is least closely related to the Red Queen Hypothesis?
A. The good
B. The bad
C. The ugly

A

The good: Sexual species evolve faster than asexual
The bad: Sex can purge harmful mutations
The ugly: Sex produces variable offspring, some of which will be immune to parasites.
The answer is B

42
Q 
Which of the following would be the best transcription termination sequence and why?
A.5’-	TATATATA		-3’
B.5’-	AATAACGC		-3’
C.5’-	GCGCGCGC	        -3’
D.5’-	CGCAATAA		-3’
A

5’- TATATATA -3’
5’- AATAACGC -3’
5’- GCGCGCGC -3’
5’- CGCAATAA -3’

C would be the best since it codes for mRNA that can self anneal into a hairpin and G-C base-pairs have more hydrogen bonds (3) than A-T (2) so it would be a stronger hairpin than A.

The mRNA from B and D cannot even form hairpin structures

43
Q

A mutation occurs in a gene, but the protein it codes for does not seem to act very differently. What are the three types of mutations that most likely occurred? Which is the least likely?
A.Nonsense

B.Missense

C. Silent

D.4 base Insertion/Deletion

E. 6 base Insertion/Deletion

A 
A mutation occurs in a gene, but the protein it codes for does not seem to act very differently. What are the three types of mutations that most likely occurred? Which is the least likely?
Nonsense
Missense
Silent
4 base Insertion/Deletion
6 base Insertion/Deletion

C, B, and E are the most likely since they change the fewest amino acids.
Either A or D are the least likely since they truncate (A) or change all downstream amino acids (D).

44
Q

The good hypothesis of sex

A

Sexual reproduction evolves faster than asexual

45
Q

The Bad Hypothesis of sex

A

Sex can purge harmful mutations

46
Q

The ugly hypothesis of sex

A

Sex can create variants that can be immune to parasites

47
Q

Red queen Hypothesis

A

the evolutionary process in which an organism needs to constantly evolve in order to survive.

48
Q

What is Science

A

Science is a ways of learning about the universe through formal observation and experimentation.

49
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Type of analysis win which general conclusions are drawn.

50
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

specific results are predicted from a general premise.

51
Q

True or False DNA in prokaryotes is enclosed in nucleus.

A

False

52
Q

what is refered as the changes in DNA sequences ( usually genes and traits they encode)

A

Biological evolution

53
Q

How do DNA and other structures and processes in cells provide evidence that all organisms share a common ancestor?

A

The chance that DNA and other complex structures and processes arose independently is very low, especially when we consider how similar they are in different organisms. There are too many instances where nature clearly repeats the same plan to be coincidental.

54
Q

How are statistics a useful tool biological research.

A

Statistics help support that the data is not due to random chance.

Biology 1311 (6 decks)

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