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Biology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and mass

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1
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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2
Q

Compound

A

Substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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3
Q

Essential elements

A

20-25% of elements that an organsim needs to live a healthy life and reproduce

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4
Q

Trace elements

A

Required by an organism in only minute quantities

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5
Q

Atomic nucleus

A

Protons and neutrons Are packed together rightly in a dense core at the center of an atom

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6
Q

Dalton

A

Unit of measurement honor of john dalton

- the atomic mass is measured in Dalton’s and is roughly equal to the mass number

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7
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

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8
Q

Mass number

A

Sum of protons and nuetrons

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9
Q

Atomic mass

A

Approximation of the total mass of an atom

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10
Q

Isotopes

A

Same protons different neutrons

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11
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

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12
Q

Half-life

A

Time it takes for 50%!+~ the parent isotope to decay

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13
Q

Rediometric dating

A

Scientist measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculator how many half lives have passed since an organsim im was fossilized or a rock was formed

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14
Q

Energy

A

Defined as the capacity to cause change

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15
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that matter possesses because of it’s location or structure

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16
Q

Valence electrons

A

Outer electrons

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17
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost electron shell

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18
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Atoms staying close together held by attractions

-strongest kinds of chemical bonds are covalent and ionic bonds

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19
Q

Covalent bond

A

The sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms

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20
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bonds

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21
Q

Single bond

A

A pair of shared electrons ( 1 line)

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22
Q

Double bond

A

Sharing two pairs of valence electrons

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23
Q

Electronegativity

A

The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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24
Q

Non polar covalent bond

A

Electrons are shared equally because the tel atoms when the same Electronegativity

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25
Q

Polar covalent

A

Bonds vary in their polarity depending on the relative Electronegativity of the two atoms ( partial energy)

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26
Q

Ions

A

The two resulting oppositely charged atoms or molecules (stole electron)

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27
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

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28
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

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29
Q

Ionic bond

A

Any two ions of opposite charge

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30
Q

Ionic compounds or salts

A

Compounds formed by ionic bonds

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31
Q

Van see waals interactions

A

Individually weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together
Occur between transiently positive and negative regions of molecules

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32
Q

Chemical reactions

A

The making and breaking of chemical bonds,leading to changes in the composition of matter

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33
Q

Reactants and products

A

When we write a chemical reaction , we use an arrow to indicate the conversion of the starting materials called the reactants to the products

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34
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

An attraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom

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35
Q

Chemical reactants

A

Change reactants into products while conserving matter

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36
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

Reached when the flawed and reserve reaction rates are equal

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37
Q

Cohesion

A

Water sticks to water

  • make water more structured
  • many molecules linked by multiple hydrogen bonds
38
Q

Adhesion

A

The clinging of one substance to another

39
Q

Surface tension

A

Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
-related to cohesion

40
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion

41
Q

Thermal energy

A

The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

42
Q

Temperature

A

Measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter, regardless of volume,where as the total thermal energy depends in part on the matters volume

43
Q

Heat

A

Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

44
Q

Calorie (cal)

A

One convienient unit of hear used in this book

45
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change it’s temperature by 1C

46
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.

47
Q

Evaporating cooling

A

Occurs because the hottest molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as gas.

48
Q

Molecular mass

A

Sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule

49
Q

Mole

A

Represents an exact number if objects 6.02X10^23 which is called Avogadro’s number

50
Q

Molarity

A

The number of miles of solute per liter of solution is the unit of concentration most often used by bioloagist for aqueous solitons

51
Q

Hydrogen ion

A

A single proton with a charge of 1+

52
Q

Hydroxide Ion

A

Water molecule that lost a proton

-1 charge

53
Q

Hydronium ion

A

The proton binds to the other water molecule

54
Q

Base

A

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

55
Q

Buffer

A

Substance that minimizes changes in Thr concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

56
Q

Ocean acidification

A

When CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to from carbonic acid, which lowers ocean ph

57
Q

Solution

A

A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

58
Q

Solvent

A

The dissolving agent of a solution

59
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved

60
Q

Aqueous solution

A

One in which the solute is dissolved in water ; water is the solvent

61
Q

Hydrogen shell

A

The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

62
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Any substance that has an affinity for waster is said to by this

63
Q

Emergent properties

A

Due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

64
Q

System biology

A

The exploration of a biological system by analyzing the intersections along it’s parts

65
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Contains membranes enclosed

Oraganells (bigger)

66
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Lacks a nucleus or other membrane enclose organella

67
Q

Gene

A

Each section do the DNA of a chomsome

68
Q

Gene expression

A

The entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product

69
Q

Genome

A

The entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

70
Q

Bioinformatics

A

The use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput methods.

71
Q

Bacteria

A

Diverse and widespread prokaryotics

72
Q

Arches

A

Love in earths extream environments such as salty lakes boiling hot springs

73
Q

Eukarya

A

Kingdom plantae, fungi, animal is and protist

74
Q

Protists

A

Unicellular eukaryotes

75
Q

Inquiry

A

A search for information and explanations of natural phenomena

76
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Generalizations from a large number of specific observations

77
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

From general we extrapolate to the specific results

78
Q

Variables

A

Both the factor that is manipulated and the effects that are measured are types of experimental variables , factors that vary in an experiment

79
Q

Controlled experiment

A

Designed to compare an experimental group with a control group

80
Q

Independent variable

A

Factor that is manipulated by the researcher

81
Q

Dependent variable

A

Factor that is measured in the experiment

82
Q

Theory

A

General enough topspin off many new specific hypothesis

Supported by greater body of evidence

83
Q

Model organism

A

A species that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself particularly well to the questions being investigated

84
Q

The 5 themes

A 
Organization
Information
Energy and matter
Interactions
Evolution
85
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

86
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds that have the same number if atoms of the same elements but different structure and hence different properties.

87
Q

Structural isomers

A

Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

88
Q

CIA-trams isomers (geometric)

A

Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms , but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements did to the I flexibility of double bonds.

89
Q

Enantiomers

A

Isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric Carbon, one that is attached to 4 different atoms or group of atoms.

90
Q

Functional groups

A

Chemical groups are directly involve in chemical reactions

91
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Organic molecule attached to a string of there phosphate groups

92
Q

H30

A

Hydronium

93
Q

Hydroxide

A

OH- ( lost proton)

Biology (5 decks)

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