Chapter 6 Plant Cell Flashcards
Golgi apparatus
.
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Mitochondrion
.
Peroxisome
.
Plasma membrane
.
Cell wall
Outer layer that maintains cells shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein.
Plasmodesmata
Cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Chloroplast
Photosynthetic organelle; Converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in airhead molecules
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Central Vacuole
Prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, and hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of the vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth.
Ribosomes
Small brown dots
-protein synthses
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
Make secretory proteins
Membrane factory for the cell
Grows in place by adding phospholipids to it’s own membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesis of lipids, oils, matabolisim of carbohydrates,detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions.
Enzymes of smooth ER
Important in synthesis of lipids, oils , steroids and new membrane phospholipids o
Smooth ER Sterioids
Are the sex hormones in animals
Tested overuse rich in ER because structural feature
Enzymes of the smooth ER also
Help detoxify drugs and poison in liver cells
Glycoproteins
Proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them
Transitional ER
Secretary proteins depart from the ER Wrapped in the membranes of vesicles that bus like bubbles from specialized region
Transport Vesicles
Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another
Golgi apparatus
After leaving the ER, many transport vesicles travel here
Receiving , sorting, shipping and manufacturing center
Golgi apparatus
Cisternae
A membranous system of interconnected tubules and flattened sacs
ER Lumen
Cisternal space
The ER membrane separates the internal compartment of the ER
Endomembrane System
Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi aparatus, lysosomes, vesicles and vacuoles and plasma membrane
Vesicles
Sacs made of membrane
The Golgi aparatus
Products of the ER such as proteins, are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations
-exstensive in cells specialized for secretion
The Golgi apparatus consist of
Flattened membranous sacs (Cisternae) looking like a stack of pita bread
Lysosomes
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules
Lysosomes breaks open
Enzymes not active because cytosok has neutral ph
-excessive leakage from large # of lysosomes can dystroy cell digestion
Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes
Made by rough ER and transferee to Golgi apparatus for processing
Phagocytosis
Amoebas and many other unicellular eukaryotic eat by engulfing smaller organisms of food particles
Lysosome
Contain active hydrolytic enzymes
Lysosomes fuse with
Food vacuole
Autophagy
- use hydrolytic enzymes to recycle cells own organic material
- Lysosomes breaking down damages organelles
Vacuoles
Large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi.
-part of Endomembrane system.
Food vacuoles
Formed by phagocytosis
Contractile vacuoles
Fresh water eukaryotes- contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of the cell, maintains a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell
Central vacuole (plant cell)
Develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles
Central vacuole
Growth of plant cell
Enlarge as vacuole absorbs water
Enabling cell to become larger with a minimal investment in new cytoplasm
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Are the organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work
Mitochondria
Are the sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation if ATP by extracting energy from sugars , fats and other fuels.
Chloroplasts
Sites of photosynthesis
- converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Are independent organelles that grow and reproduce within the cell
Cristae
Outter membrane of mitochondria is smooth but inner has infoldings
Mitochondria has
Two membrane made of phospholipids bilater with unique embedded proteins
Mitochondrial matrix
Enclosed by the inner membrane
Enzymes
DNA
Ribosomes
Mitochondria enzymes in matrix
Catalyze some steps in cellular respiration
Mitochondria inner membrane
Enzymes make ATP
Proteins that Function in respiration
Chloroplast
Contain green pigment chlorophyll, enzymes and other molecules that function in the photosynthetic
Production of sugar.
Thylakoids (choroplast)
Membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs
Granum ( chloroplasts)
Thylakoids are stacked like polar chips
Storms (choroplast)
Fluid outside the thylakoids
Contains choroplast DNA
Ribosomes
Enzymes
Plastids
Chloroplast member
(Amyloplast)
Colorless organelle stores starch
Peroxisome
Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane.
Peroxisome
Contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
The H2o2 is toxic but contains enzyme that converts it to water
Glyoxysomes (peroxisomes)
Found in far stirring tissues of plant seeds
Cytoskeleton
Give mechanical support to the cell and maintain it’s shape
Animal cells lack walls
Motor proteins
Cell motility require interaction of the cytoskeleton with motor proteins ( held it move)
