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Biology > bio exam 3 > Flashcards

bio exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Catabolic

A

Released energy stored in chemical bonds

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1
Q

Anabolic

A

Input of energy

Stores in chemical bonds

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2
Q

Energy

A

Potential

Kinetic

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3
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study of energy transformation

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4
Q

Entropy

A

Energy transfer of energy increases the entropy of the universe

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5
Q

Free energy

A

The energy avalaible to so work ( usable energy)

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6
Q

Total energy

A

Usable energy plus unusable energy

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7
Q

Enthoy (H)

A

Total energy

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8
Q

Free energy (G)

A

Usable energy

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9
Q

Entropy (S) x Temp (T)

A

Unusable energy

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10
Q

If G=H-TS

A

Change in (triangle) G= T(change in) S

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11
Q

So H=g+TS

A

G=h-TS

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12
Q

Negative (G<0)

A

Free energy is released (exergonic)

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13
Q

Positive (G>0)

A

Free energy is consumed

Enndergonic reaction

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14
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Release free energy = exergonic

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15
Q

Anabolic

A

Consume free energy = enderfonic

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16
Q

ATP

A

Captures and transfers free energy

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17
Q

Phosphorylate

A

ATP can donate phosphate groups to other molecules the transfer if free energy

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18
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP

ATP+H20

A

Adp+P+ free energy

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19
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Releases energy
Cell respiration
carabolisim

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20
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Requires energy
Active transport
Cell movements
Anabolism

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21
Q

Transport work

A

ATP phosphorylates transport proteins

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22
Q

Mechanical work

A

ATP binds noncovalently to moot proteins and this is hydrolyze a

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23
Q

Catalyst

A

Speed up rate of chemical reactions

Enzymes

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24
Q

Activation energy

A

Exergonic reactions can be slow because if an energy barrier

Amount of energy requires to start the reaction (E)

25
Q

Activation Energy

A

Enzymes lower the activation energy by bringing reactants together

26
Q

Uncatalyst activation energy

A

Takes longer

27
Q

Catalyst activation energy

A

Activation energy with enzyme is lower

28
Q

Enzymes can strech

A

The bonds in substrate molecules, making them unstable

29
Q

Enzymes can temporarily

A

Add chemical groups to substrates (makes substrate more chemically reactive)

30
Q

Every enzyme is most active at a certain

A

Ph
(Influences functional groups
-Tempuratyre- if too high bonds break enzymes denature

31
Q

IsoZymes

A

Enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have different properties
(Optimal temperature)

32
Q

Organsim is can use isozymes

A

To adjust to temperature changes

33
Q

Cofactors

A

Nonprotein enzyme helpers

34
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic cofactors

Includes vitamins

35
Q

Enzyme inhibitors

A

Molecules that bind to the enzyme and slow reaction rates

Regulate matabolisim

36
Q

Competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors

A

Can be reversible (temporarily binds- common in organisms) or irreversible ( common in artificial )

37
Q

Irreversible inhibitor

A

Permanently inactivated enzymes

38
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Similar to natural substrate
Competes for binding site
When concentration of competitive inhibitor is reduced, it detaches from the active site

39
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor

A

Bind to the enzyme at a site other than the active site
- enzyme changes shape, natural substrate cannot “fit”
Detaches when concentration is reduced

40
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

May inhibit or stimulate enzymes activity
-activator- stabilizes active form
Inhibitor- stabilizes inactive form
(4 leaf clover)

41
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
Prevents waste of resources

42
Q

Cellular respiration (Aerobic)

A

Complete oxidation
Waste product -h20, C02
Net energy- 32 ATP

43
Q

Fermentation (anaerobic)

A

Incomplete oxidation
Waste products- lactic or ethonal and CO2
Net energy-2

44
Q

Fuels

A

Organic compounds whose stored energy can be released for use
-glucose

45
Q

Glucose- exergonic-ATP

A

C6H12o6—6CO2 +6H20+energy

Exergonic

46
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of one or more electron

47
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of one or more electrons

48
Q

Cellular respiration 4 stages

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Citrix acid cycle
Oxidative phaophorylayion

49
Q

Energy pay off

A

Glucose uses 2 ATP to make 2 pyruvate+ H20=ATP
4Atp formed - 2ATP used= 2 ATP
2NAD+4e+4H+= 2nadh +2h+

50
Q

Energy investment phase

A

Uses 2atp to start

6 o2

51
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A

Links glylysis to Citric acid cycle
Pyruvate gets converted to 2 acetyl Coenzyme A
2 nad+ comes and gets it’s electrons transport protein comes and takes 2 carbon

52
Q

Citric acid cycle 1

A

input- acetyl CoA, water and electron

Carriers NAD+, FAD, GDP

53
Q

Citric acid cycle 2

A

Energy released is captured by adp and electron carriers 3 nad+, Fad, and GDP

54
Q

citric acid cycle 3

A 
Outputs 
4 Co2
1ATP
3NADH
1FADH2
Per glucose molecule
55
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron transport chain

Chrismioamosis

56
Q

Nash and fadh2

A

Transport electrons to the electron transport chain
In cristae
Output 6 water , 32 ATP ,6 c02

57
Q

Fermentation

A

Without o2 fermentation follows glyoloysis
Substrate level phosphorylation forms smaller amounts of ATp
Occurs I cytoplasm

58
Q

Two types of fermentation

A

Alcohol

Lactic acid

59
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Input - 2 pyruvate, loses 2 carbon and Evonne’s 2 acetaldehyde, 2nad+, 2adp
Ethanol end product
C6 H12 o6 +2 Adp + 2 p
= 2 ethanol + 2co2 + 2 ATP

60
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Occurs In microorganisms and some muscle cells
Input - 2 pyruvate ,2nad+2adp
Output 2atp. And 2 lactic acid
Yogurt cheese ,3 carbon

61
Q

Cam plants use

A

Crawsulacean acid matabolisim to fixate carbon

Biology (5 decks)

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