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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Study of body part structure and their relationship

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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

A

Gross - What you can see
Microscopic - What you cant see with naked eye
Developmental - Looking at anatomy across the lifespan

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3
Q

What are the three ways to study gross anatomy?

A

Regional - looking at a region of the body
Systemic - look at body system by system
Surface - what you can see on the outside

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4
Q

What is cytology?

A

Study of cells

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5
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of tissue

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6
Q

What is embryology?

A

Study of fetal development

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7
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of the way the bosy functions

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8
Q

What are the levels of structural organization?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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9
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelium

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10
Q

What are the eight necessary life functions?

A 
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Dispose of wastes
Reproduction
Growth
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11
Q

What are the different survival needs?

A 
Atmospheric pressure
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body pressure
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12
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions

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13
Q

What two systems are most important for homeostasis?

A

Nervous and endocrine system

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14
Q

What are the ways of studying gross anatomy?

A

Regional
Systemic
Surface

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15
Q

What is cytology?

A

Study of cells

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16
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of tissue

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17
Q

What is embryology?

A

Study of fetal development

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18
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of the way the body functions

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19
Q

What are the levels of structural organization?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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20
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelium

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21
Q

What are the eight necessary life functions?

A 
Movement
Maintaining boundaries
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Dispose of wastes
Reproduction
Growth
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22
Q

What are the survival needs?

A 
Atmospheric pressure
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
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23
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions

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24
Q

What two systems are most important for homeostasis?

A

Nervous and endocrine

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25
Q

What is the pathway for a response to a stimulus?

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Afferent pathway
Control center
Efferent pathway
Effector
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26
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

The more a product builds up, the process slows production

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27
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

The more a product builds up, the process speeds up production
Contractions with child birth

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28
Q

What is pronation?

A

Palms facing down

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29
Q

What is souppination?

A

Palms facing up

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30
Q

What are the two terms for how palms can be facing?

A

Pronation - facing down

Souppination - facing up

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31
Q

What does the frontal plane divide?

A

Front from back

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32
Q

What does the median plane divide?

A

Left from right

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33
Q

What does the transverse plane divide?

A

Top from bottom

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34
Q

What is the dorsal cavity divided into?

A

Cranial and Vertebral

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35
Q

What is the ventral split into?

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic

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36
Q

What is serosa?

A

Thin double layered membrane that lines body cavities and organs

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37
Q

What are the functions of serosa?

A

Holds organs in place
Protects organs
Eliminates friction

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38
Q

What are the two types of serosa?

A

Parietal - lines internal body cavity walls

Visceral - Covers internal organs

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39
Q

What seperates the parietal and visceral serosa?

A

Serous fluid

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40
Q

What are the three types of serous membrane?

A

Pericardium - heart
Pleurae - Lungs
Peritoneum - Abdominal Cavity

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41
Q

What elements make up 96% of the human body?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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42
Q

What are the lesser elements of the human body?

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium 
Chlorine
Magnesium
Iodine
Iron
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43
Q

What are the trace elements of the human body?

A 
Chromium
Copper
Fluorine
Magnesium
Silicon
Zinc
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44
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

An isotope that decays until its stable

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45
Q

What is dobutamine?

A

A radioactive isotope that is used in stress tests

Stimulates exercise

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46
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Electrons are given up from one atom to another

47
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Electrons are shared rather than transfered

48
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

49
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low oxygen makes blood more acidic

50
Q

What two proteins are responsible for muscle contraction?

A

Actin and myosin

51
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fat to make it solid

52
Q

What does adenine bind to in DNA?

A

Thymine

53
Q

What does cytosine bond to in DNA?

A

Guanine

54
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

A cell is the structural and functional unit of an organism
A Cell is smallest structure capable of performing all necessary life functions
Biochemical activities are dictated by their shape or form
Continuity of life has cellular basis

55
Q

What are the three main parts of a human cell?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

56
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
Cholesterol
Glycocalics

57
Q

What are the six functions of membrane proteins?

A 
Transport
Receptors for signal transduction
Attachment 
Enzymatic activity
Intercellular joining
Cell to cell recognition
58
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral - inserted in membrane

Peripheral - loosely attached to integral proteins

59
Q

What are the three ways cells are bound with cell junction?

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

60
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Impermeable
Adjacent integral proteins fuse
Prevent molecules from passing through intercellular space
Found in small and large intestine

61
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Rivets or spotwelds that anchor cells together
Like velcro
Found in skin

62
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Trans-membrane proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
Found in smooth muscle cells and cardiac cells

63
Q

What are the pores that are formed in gap junctions called?

A

Connexons

64
Q

What are the different types of passive membrane transport?

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

65
Q

What occurs in simple diffusion?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluble vitamins diffuse directly

66
Q

What occurs in facilitated diffusion?

A

Protein carriers transport glucose and amino acids

67
Q

What are the two types of channels in channel mediated diffusion?

A

Leakage - always open

Gated - controlled by chemical or electrical signals

68
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Measure of total concentration of solute particles

69
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Back pressure of water on membrane

70
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis

71
Q

What is an isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solution?

A

Isotonic - No net movement of water
Hypotonic - Cell loses water and becomes shriveled
Hypertonic - Cell gains water faster than it loses

72
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A

Active transport

Vesicular transport

73
Q

What are the four types of vesicular transport?

A

Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Transcytosis
Vesicular trafficking

74
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Transport out of cell

75
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Transport into cell

76
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

Transport into, across and out other side of cell

77
Q

What is vesicular trafficking?

A

Transport from one area or organelle in a cell to another

78
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Psuedopods engulf solid and form a phagosome, then brought into cells interior

79
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Composed of cytosol and organelles

80
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

81
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes - synthesize proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles
Membrane bound ribosomes - stuck on RER, synthesize proteins for membrane, lysosomes or exported out of cell

82
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Manufactures proteins, they then go to golgi apparatus

83
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

Lipid metabolism
Hormone synthesis
Detoxification

84
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Oxidize things
Neutralize free radicals
Detoxification

85
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Digest bacteria and viruses
Breakdown and release glycogen
Destroys cells in injured tissue (autolysis)

86
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A

Generates microtubule

87
Q

What are the three main parts of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope - membrane
Chromatin - houses DNA and RNA
Nucleolus - sends messages

88
Q

What is anucleate?

A

Cells with no nucleus, red blood cells

89
Q

What is multinucleate?

A

Cells with multiple nucleus

Some liver cells

90
Q

What are the three stages of interphase?

A

G1 - Growth, G1 checkpoint
S - Growth and DNA synthesis
G2 - Growth and final preparations for division

91
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase - nucleus breaks down, chromosomes form
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up down metaphase plate
Anaphase - Chromosomes pulled apart
Telophase - Nucleus begins to form again, along with cleavage furrow

92
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

Contractile ring breaks cleavage furrow and cells seperate

93
Q

What are cyclins?

A

Tell cell to continue to divide

Found in G1 checkpoint

94
Q

What gene tells cell division to stop?

A

P53

95
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Cells are different because chemical signals in embryo channel cells into specific developmental pathways

96
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

97
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Decreased size of cells

98
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increasing cell number

99
Q

What are the theories of cell aging?

A

Wear and tear theory
Mitochondrial theory
Immune system dissorders

100
Q

What is the genetic theory?

A

Cell aging programmed into cell

Telomerase disappears as we age

101
Q

What is telomerase?

A

Enzyme that lengthens telomeres (protection for chromosome ends)

102
Q

What are the systems in the body?

A 
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
103
Q

What is a function of the integumentary system?

A

Protection

104
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Support and protection for organs

105
Q

What is a function of the muscular system?

A

Movement

106
Q

What is a function of the nervous system?

A

Control system

107
Q

What is a function of the endocrine system?

A

Secretes hormones

108
Q

What is a function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transports blood

109
Q

What is a function of the lymphatic system?

A

Attacks foreign substances

110
Q

What is a function of the respiratory system?

A

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

111
Q

What is a function of the digestive system?

A

Breaks down food into absorb-able units

112
Q

What is a function of the urinary system?

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

113
Q

What is a function of the reproductive system?

A

Production of offspring

114
Q

What are the three planes the body can be divided down?

A

Frontal
Median
Transverse

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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