Exam 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy?
Study of body part structure and their relationship
What are the subdivisions of anatomy?
Gross - What you can see
Microscopic - What you cant see with naked eye
Developmental - Looking at anatomy across the lifespan
What are the three ways to study gross anatomy?
Regional - looking at a region of the body
Systemic - look at body system by system
Surface - what you can see on the outside
What is cytology?
Study of cells
What is histology?
Study of tissue
What is embryology?
Study of fetal development
What is physiology?
Study of the way the bosy functions
What are the levels of structural organization?
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
What are the four types of tissue?
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelium
What are the eight necessary life functions?
Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Dispose of wastes Reproduction Growth
What are the different survival needs?
Atmospheric pressure Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal body pressure
What is homeostasis?
Body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions
What two systems are most important for homeostasis?
Nervous and endocrine system
What are the ways of studying gross anatomy?
Regional
Systemic
Surface
What is cytology?
Study of cells
What is histology?
Study of tissue
What is embryology?
Study of fetal development
What is physiology?
Study of the way the body functions
What are the levels of structural organization?
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
What are the four types of tissue?
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelium
What are the eight necessary life functions?
Movement Maintaining boundaries Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Dispose of wastes Reproduction Growth
What are the survival needs?
Atmospheric pressure Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal body temperature
What is homeostasis?
Body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions
What two systems are most important for homeostasis?
Nervous and endocrine
What is the pathway for a response to a stimulus?
Stimulus Receptor Afferent pathway Control center Efferent pathway Effector
What is negative feedback?
The more a product builds up, the process slows production
What is positive feedback?
The more a product builds up, the process speeds up production
Contractions with child birth
What is pronation?
Palms facing down
What is souppination?
Palms facing up
What are the two terms for how palms can be facing?
Pronation - facing down
Souppination - facing up
What does the frontal plane divide?
Front from back
What does the median plane divide?
Left from right
What does the transverse plane divide?
Top from bottom
What is the dorsal cavity divided into?
Cranial and Vertebral
What is the ventral split into?
Thoracic and abdominopelvic
What is serosa?
Thin double layered membrane that lines body cavities and organs
What are the functions of serosa?
Holds organs in place
Protects organs
Eliminates friction
What are the two types of serosa?
Parietal - lines internal body cavity walls
Visceral - Covers internal organs
What seperates the parietal and visceral serosa?
Serous fluid
What are the three types of serous membrane?
Pericardium - heart
Pleurae - Lungs
Peritoneum - Abdominal Cavity
What elements make up 96% of the human body?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
What are the lesser elements of the human body?
Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Iodine Iron
What are the trace elements of the human body?
Chromium Copper Fluorine Magnesium Silicon Zinc
What is a radioactive isotope?
An isotope that decays until its stable
What is dobutamine?
A radioactive isotope that is used in stress tests
Stimulates exercise
What are ionic bonds?
Electrons are given up from one atom to another
What are covalent bonds?
Electrons are shared rather than transfered
What is the pH of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
What is hypoxia?
Low oxygen makes blood more acidic
What two proteins are responsible for muscle contraction?
Actin and myosin
What is hydrogenation?
Adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fat to make it solid
What does adenine bind to in DNA?
Thymine
What does cytosine bond to in DNA?
Guanine
What is the cell theory?
A cell is the structural and functional unit of an organism
A Cell is smallest structure capable of performing all necessary life functions
Biochemical activities are dictated by their shape or form
Continuity of life has cellular basis
What are the three main parts of a human cell?
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
What is the plasma membrane made of?
Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
Cholesterol
Glycocalics
What are the six functions of membrane proteins?
Transport Receptors for signal transduction Attachment Enzymatic activity Intercellular joining Cell to cell recognition
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
Integral - inserted in membrane
Peripheral - loosely attached to integral proteins
What are the three ways cells are bound with cell junction?
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
What are tight junctions?
Impermeable
Adjacent integral proteins fuse
Prevent molecules from passing through intercellular space
Found in small and large intestine
What are desmosomes?
Rivets or spotwelds that anchor cells together
Like velcro
Found in skin
What are gap junctions?
Trans-membrane proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
Found in smooth muscle cells and cardiac cells
What are the pores that are formed in gap junctions called?
Connexons
What are the different types of passive membrane transport?
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
What occurs in simple diffusion?
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluble vitamins diffuse directly
What occurs in facilitated diffusion?
Protein carriers transport glucose and amino acids
What are the two types of channels in channel mediated diffusion?
Leakage - always open
Gated - controlled by chemical or electrical signals
What is osmolarity?
Measure of total concentration of solute particles
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Back pressure of water on membrane
What is osmotic pressure?
Tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis
What is an isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solution?
Isotonic - No net movement of water
Hypotonic - Cell loses water and becomes shriveled
Hypertonic - Cell gains water faster than it loses
What are the two types of active transport?
Active transport
Vesicular transport
What are the four types of vesicular transport?
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Transcytosis
Vesicular trafficking
What is exocytosis?
Transport out of cell
What is endocytosis?
Transport into cell
What is transcytosis?
Transport into, across and out other side of cell
What is vesicular trafficking?
Transport from one area or organelle in a cell to another
What is phagocytosis?
Psuedopods engulf solid and form a phagosome, then brought into cells interior
What is the cytoplasm?
Composed of cytosol and organelles
What is the function of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
What are the two types of ribosomes?
Free ribosomes - synthesize proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles
Membrane bound ribosomes - stuck on RER, synthesize proteins for membrane, lysosomes or exported out of cell
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Manufactures proteins, they then go to golgi apparatus
What is the function of the smooth ER?
Lipid metabolism
Hormone synthesis
Detoxification
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Oxidize things
Neutralize free radicals
Detoxification
What is the function of lysosomes?
Digest bacteria and viruses
Breakdown and release glycogen
Destroys cells in injured tissue (autolysis)
What is the function of the centrosome?
Generates microtubule
What are the three main parts of the nucleus?
Nuclear envelope - membrane
Chromatin - houses DNA and RNA
Nucleolus - sends messages
What is anucleate?
Cells with no nucleus, red blood cells
What is multinucleate?
Cells with multiple nucleus
Some liver cells
What are the three stages of interphase?
G1 - Growth, G1 checkpoint
S - Growth and DNA synthesis
G2 - Growth and final preparations for division
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase - nucleus breaks down, chromosomes form
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up down metaphase plate
Anaphase - Chromosomes pulled apart
Telophase - Nucleus begins to form again, along with cleavage furrow
What happens in cytokinesis?
Contractile ring breaks cleavage furrow and cells seperate
What are cyclins?
Tell cell to continue to divide
Found in G1 checkpoint
What gene tells cell division to stop?
P53
What is cell differentiation?
Cells are different because chemical signals in embryo channel cells into specific developmental pathways
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
What is atrophy?
Decreased size of cells
What is hyperplasia?
Increasing cell number
What are the theories of cell aging?
Wear and tear theory
Mitochondrial theory
Immune system dissorders
What is the genetic theory?
Cell aging programmed into cell
Telomerase disappears as we age
What is telomerase?
Enzyme that lengthens telomeres (protection for chromosome ends)
What are the systems in the body?
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
What is a function of the integumentary system?
Protection
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Support and protection for organs
What is a function of the muscular system?
Movement
What is a function of the nervous system?
Control system
What is a function of the endocrine system?
Secretes hormones
What is a function of the cardiovascular system?
Transports blood
What is a function of the lymphatic system?
Attacks foreign substances
What is a function of the respiratory system?
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
What is a function of the digestive system?
Breaks down food into absorb-able units
What is a function of the urinary system?
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
What is a function of the reproductive system?
Production of offspring
What are the three planes the body can be divided down?
Frontal
Median
Transverse
