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Anatomy and Physiology > Anatomy Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Final Flashcards

1
Q

In which of the following areas does sorting and editing of sensory impulses take place?

A

Thalamic nuclei

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2
Q

Which of the following areas of the brain is most involved in maintaining the body’s homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

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3
Q

What is the autonomic control center?

A

Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Which type of brain waves are seen when a person is concentrating on solving a problem?

A

Beta waves

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5
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in thirst sensations?

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

What part of the ear evaluates rotational movement?

A

Semicicular canals

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7
Q

What part of the ear responds to gravity and the movement of the head?

A

Vestibule

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8
Q

What part of the ear transmits vibrations into the inner ear?

A

Oval window

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9
Q

What part of the ear is the opening from the inner ear to the middle ear?

A

Round window

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10
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

When sound conduction to the fluid of the inner ear is impeded

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11
Q

What does the conjunctival mucous membrane cover?

A

Inner surface of the eyelid and the visible portion of the sclera

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12
Q

The near point of vision is shortest in who?

A

Children

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13
Q

What happens to a lens when it focuses on a distant object?

A

It flattens

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14
Q

What percent of sensory receptors are involved with sight?

A

70 percent

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15
Q

Ciliary glands are modified what?

A

Sweat glands

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16
Q

What does retinal deattachment lead to?

A

Blindness

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17
Q

What are the human eyes best adapt for?

A

Distant vision

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18
Q

What are one of the few types of neurons that can replace themselves in adult life?

A

Olfactory receptors

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19
Q

What is glutamate?

A

Neurotransmitter involved with hearing in the inner ear

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20
Q

What is the vascular layer of the eye composed of?

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

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21
Q

What muscles dilate the pupil of the eye?

A

Radial muscles

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22
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

In the roof of the nasal cavity

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23
Q

What is a myopic eye?

A

Nearsighted

Eyeball is too long

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24
Q

What is a hyperopic eye?

A

Farsighted

Eyeball is too short

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25
Q

What are the functions of tears?

A

Moisturize the eye

Remove unwanted material

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26
Q

What makes tears and where do they go?

A

Lacrimal gland produces tears

Exit the eye through lacrimal canaliculi, then drain into lacrimal duct

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27
Q

What is a sty?

A

Sty is an inflammation of a gland in the eye

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28
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

bends light that enters the eye

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29
Q

What is the function of the aqueous humor?

A

Supplies nutrients and oxygen to lens and cornea

Supports eyeball internally

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30
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Allows light to enter the eye

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31
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controls pupil size

Controls amount of light entering the eye

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32
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

Controls lens shape

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33
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Helps to focus light on the retina

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34
Q

What is the function of vitreous humor?

A

Transmits light

Holds neural layer of retina in place

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35
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

Protects and shapes the eyeball

Provides anchoring site for extrinsic eye muscles

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36
Q

What is the functions of the choroid?

A

Blood vessels nourish all eye layers

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37
Q

How many photons of light does it take to activate a rod?

A cone?

A

1 photon of light

100 photons of light

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38
Q

Where is the sense of smell processed in the brain?

A

Frontal lobe

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39
Q

What is the volate papillae?

A

7-12 large taste buds that form a V in the back of the tongue

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40
Q

What are fungiform papillae?

A

Small taste buds all over the tongue

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41
Q

What are foliate papillae?

A

Taste buds on the side of the tongue

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42
Q

What are the five basic senses of taste?

A 
Sweet
Salty
Sour
Bitter
Umani
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43
Q

Where is taste perceived in the brain?

A

Gustatory cortex of the insula

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44
Q

What is the function of auricle?

A

Funnels sound waves into external acoustic meatus

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45
Q

What is the function of ceruminous glands?

A

Secrete earwax to repel foreign bodies and insects

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46
Q

What is the function of the tympanic membrane?

A

Sound causes it to vibrate which sends vibrations to middle ear or bones

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47
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube?

A

Connects middle ear with nasopharynx

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48
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

Transmits vibrations from eardrum to oval window

Sets fluids of internal ear into motion

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49
Q

What is the function of the stapedes and tensor tympani?

A

Muscles that prevent ossicles from over vibrating

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50
Q

What is the function of the perilymph and endolymph?

A

Conducts sound vibrations and respond to mechanical forces

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51
Q

What part of the brain functions in speech?

A

Broca’s area

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52
Q

What part of the brain functions in motor function?

A

Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

53
Q

What part of the brain functions in sensory function?

A

Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

54
Q

What part of the brain functions in visual sensation?

A

Occipital lobe

55
Q

What part of the brain functions in smell?

A

Piriform lobe

56
Q

What is white matter?

A

Groups of axons in the CNS

57
Q

What do association nerves do?

A

Connect different parts of the same hemisphere

58
Q

What do commissural fibers do?

A

Connect corresponding gray areas of two hemispheres

59
Q

What do projection fibers do?

A

Connect cerebral cortex to lower brain or lower areas

Run vertically

60
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Contains nuclei that are part of the reticular formation

Relays info from cerebrum to cerebellum

61
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Autonomic reflex center involved in maintaining homeostasis

62
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Visual and auditory reflex centers

63
Q

What are the four adult brain regions?

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

64
Q

What are the four considerations of the cerebral cortex?

A

Contains three kinds of functional areas (motor, sensory and association)
Each hemisphere deals with the opposite side
There is specialization of each hemisphere
No functional area of the cortex acts alone

65
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

Located in precentral gyrus

66
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Precise and skilled voluntary movement

67
Q

Where is the premotor cortex located?

A

Anterior to precentral gyrus

68
Q

What is the function of the premotor cortex?

A

Plans movement

Voluntary actions dependent on sensory feedback

69
Q

Where is the Broca’s area located?

A

Anterior to inferior region of premotor cortex

70
Q

What is the function of the broca’s area?

A

Speech production

71
Q

Where is the pre-frontal cortex located?

A

In/anterior to premotor cortex

72
Q

What is the function of the pre-frontal cortex?

A

Voluntary movement of eyes

73
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Recieve info from skin

Form proprioreceptors

74
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?

A

Integrates sensory input to produce an understanding of the object

75
Q

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

Receives visual info

76
Q

What is the function of the visual association area?

A

uses past tense events to interpret stimuli

77
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Interprets sounds for pitch loudness and location

78
Q

What is the function of the auditory association area?

A

Permits perception of sound stimulus

79
Q

What is the function of the olfactory cortex?

A

Conscious awareness of different odors

80
Q

What is the function of the gustatory cortex?

A

Perceives taste

81
Q

What is the function of the vestibular cortex?

A

Perception of visceral sensations

82
Q

What is the multimodal association area?

A

Receive inputs from multiple senses

Sends output to multiple ares

83
Q

What is lateralization of cortex?

A

Each cortex has abilities not shared by partner

84
Q

What are the three white fiber tracts?

A

Association
Commissural
Projection

85
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Relay station for information entering cerebral cortex

86
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates autonomic nervous system

Controls endocrine system

87
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A

Regulates sleep-wake cycle

88
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Process and fine-tunes motor activity
Thinking, language and emotion
Balance and posture

89
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

90
Q

In which of the following areas does sorting and editing of sensory impulses take place?

A

Thalamic nuclei

91
Q

What part of the brain is most involved in homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

92
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

Starting, stopping, and monitoring arm swinging

93
Q

Which part of the cerebellum is involved in planning?

A

Lateral part of the hemisphere

94
Q

Where is te primary auditory cortex located?

A

Superior margin of temporal lobe

95
Q

What are the sensory receptors classified by type?

A 
Mechanoreceptors - mechanical force
Thermoreceptors - Temperature change
Chemoreceptors - Chemicals in solution
Photoeceptors - Light
Nocireceptors - Potentially damaging stimuli resulting in pain
96
Q

What are exteroreceptors?

A

Sensitive to stimuli outside the body

97
Q

What are interorecptors?

A

Respond to stimuli within the body

98
Q

What are proprioreceptors?

A

Skeletal muscles, joints and ligaments

99
Q

What are the three types of nonencapsulated nerve endings?

A

Free nerve endings
Tactile (Merkel) discs
Hair follicle receptors

100
Q

What are the encapsulated nerve endings?

A 
Tactile (meissner's) corpuscles
Lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles
Ruffini endings
Muscle spindles
Tendon organs
101
Q

What are Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Disciminative touch

Hairless skin

102
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles?

A

Stimulated by deep pressure

Dermis, subcutaneous tissue

103
Q

What are ruffini endings?

A

Respond to deep cutaneous pressure

104
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Found in perimysium of skeletal muscle

Detect muscle stretch and initiate a reflex

105
Q

What are tendon organs?

A

Located in tendons

Initiates a reflex that causes contracting muscle to relax

106
Q

What are the levels of perception?

A

Receptor - sensory receptors
Circuit - processing in ascending pathways
Perceptual - Processing in cortical sensory areas

107
Q

What are phasic receptor adaptation?

A

Gives bursts of pulses at beginning and end of stimulus

Report changes in internal or external enviornment

108
Q

What are tonic receptor adaptation?

A

Provide sustained response, with little to no interruption

Nociceptors and proprioceptors

109
Q

What is referred pain?

A

pain stimulating from one area is perceived as coming from another part

110
Q

What are the five componets of reflex arches?

A

Receptor - site of stimulus action
Sensory neuron - transmits afferent impulses to CNS
Integration - synapse between sensory and motor neuron
Motor neuron - Conduct efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ
Effector - muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to effector impulses

111
Q

What are the twelve pairs of cranial nerves?

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Adbucens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glassopharyngeal
Vagus
Acessory
Hypoglossal
112
Q

What is the function of olfactory nerve?

A

Runs from nasal mucosa to synapse with olfactory bulb

113
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Sensory nerve of vision

114
Q

What is the function of the occulomotor nerve?

A

Supplies four of six extrinsic muscles that move eyeball

115
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve?

A

Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle

116
Q

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Sensory fbers to the face and motor fibers to chewing muscles

117
Q

What is the function of the abducens nerve?

A

Controls extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball

118
Q

What is the function of the facial nerve?

A

Innervates muscles of facial expression

119
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Sensory nerve for hearing and balance

120
Q

What is the function of the glassopharyngeal nerve?

A

Innervates tongue and pharynx

121
Q

What is the function of the vagus?

A

Extends to thorax and abdomen

122
Q

What is the function of the accessory nerve?

A

Accessory part of the vagus

123
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal?

A

Under the tongue

Innervates tongue muscle

124
Q

What is sensation?

A

Awareness of changes in the internal and external enviornments

125
Q

What is perception?

A

Conscious interpretation of these stimuli

126
Q

How are the spinal nerves divided?

A 
Cervical nerves C1-C8
Thoracic nerves T1-T12
Lumbar nerves L1-L5
Sacral nerves S1-S5
Coccygeal nerve Co1
127
Q

What are preganglionic neuron chains?

A

Cell body of first neuron

128
Q

What are postganglionic neuron chains?

A

Second motor neuron

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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