Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

why do we have medullary cavities

A

lower wt, skeleton lighter. ex: sinuses reduce wt of head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

stores fat; supports blood vessels and nerves that travel through the living bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

role of vitamin A

A

protein synthesis and a lot of making/maintaining matrix of bone is about making protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

osteoblastic hormones

A

thyrocalcitonin, somatotropin, testosterone, estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

osteoclastic hormones

A

parathormone, thyroxine, corticosteroids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

thyroid follicles

A

simple cuboidal epithelium; hormones say make more protein, rise in basal metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

thyrocalcitonin

A

calcium into bony matrix; lowers blood calcium b/c its going into the bone; lowers blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 target tissues for calcitonin

A

bone/skeleton;intestine (block absorption from intestine if have too much)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hormone functions from thyroid gland

A

reg metabolic rate by telling cells how fast to produce proteins; body building activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how to raise blood calcium

A

increase kidney absorption; release calcium from matrix by releasing osteoclasts to digest those matrix to thin the matrix; intestines absorb more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

trebeculae

A

in spongy bone, 2 cells thick; get thin = osteoporosis; in femur, surgical neck (break on step, not on fall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why are sex hormones considered osteoblastic?

A

corresponds with growth spurts (estrogen more powerful osteoblast than testosterone, hence girls grow first.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fidoestrogens

A

plant chemicals close to estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

need vitamin d for?

A

transport calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

corticosteriods

A

cortizone-like, bone density at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

process to decrease blood calcium

A

activates vitamin d in kidneys; 1. increases absorption in intestine, 2. increases osteoclastic activity in skeleton, 3. increases reabsorption in kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

types of fractures

A

spiral, compound, comminuated, greenstick, malunion, nonunion, delayed union, oblique, transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hematoma

A

blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where does spongy bone form

A

close to developing blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fibrocartilage

A

more distant regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

osteoclasts

A

remove excess bone tissue, restore much like the original

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

types of membrane

A

serous, mucus, cutaneous, sinovial; organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

epidermis

A

simple squamous; stomach (top layer); multilayers; NOT a membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

intramembranous

A

connective tissue pattern/template; membrane-like in that it;s flat (flat bones and flat portions of bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

neuroglia

A

ectoderm; no axons and dendrites; supports and protects cells/tissues of nervous symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

endochondral bone formation

A

endro = sends chondroblasts to secrete a cartilage before the osteoblasts form the bony matrix (long bone formation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

mineralization

A

happens after the cartilage is laid, chondrocytes (cells of the cartilage) begin to die due to lack of nutrients and cant properly dispose of waste; where they die they leave holes (lacunae) for blood vessels to fill holes, send in osteoblasts, lay down bony matrix, spongy bone created, compact laid outside after spongy done.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

perichondrium

A

protective layer of collagen on the outside of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

periosteum

A

protective layer of cartilage on the outside of bone; has a really good blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

endosteum

A

protective layer around the inside of bone, both spongy and compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

primary ossification center

A

spongy bone in the middle of diaphysis, everything else is cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

secondary ossification centers

A

growing in both directions from both epiphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

from which embryonic germ layer are the tissues of the bone derived?

A

mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

red marrow

A

create all the formed elements of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how bones grow in length

A

push cartilage towards diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how bones grow in width

A

periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

factors necessary for normal ossification

A

calcium, vitamin d, vitamin c, vitamin a, collagen fibers, pyrophosphotase, osteoclastic/osteoblastic hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

general functions of the skin

A

regulate body temp, protection as a physical barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

why is skin an organ

A

b/c has 2 types of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

sensory receptors

A

mechnoreceptory, thermoreceptors, pain receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

outer layer of skin (epidermis)

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

are there tight junctions in our skin?

A

no.

43
Q

materials that can cross epithelium of the skin

A

oils, things that are lipid soluable

44
Q

glands assoc. w/ skin

A

sweat glands, exocrine (secrete through ducts), sebaceous, ceruminous (water proofing, antimicrobial)

45
Q

origin of upper layers of epidermal cells

A

ectoderm

46
Q

dermis

A

comprised of connective tissues

47
Q

layers of the epidermis, from superficial to deep

A

stratum corneum (dead), stratum lucidum (hairless ares, hands and feet), stratum granulosum (dying), stratum spinosum, stratum basale (capable of mitosis), dermis

48
Q

osteogenesis

A

create bone

49
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

move to area of future bone and start to specialize; some become fibroblasts and others become osteoblasts

50
Q

intra membranous bone formation main aspects

A

fibroblasts and osteoblasts

51
Q

osteogenesis imperfecti

A

cannot make collagen normally

52
Q

why is smooth muscle called smooth?

A

no striations (still has actin and myosin, single centrally located nucleus, long spindle shape)

53
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus; surrounded by columni

54
Q

avascular

A

w/o blood vessles

55
Q

transitional epithelial

A

changes number of layers

56
Q

pseudostratefied epithelium

A

looks stratefied (multiple cell layers) but, every cell touches bottom of that epithelim

57
Q

endocrine

A

hormones into blood stream

58
Q

exocrine

A

outside through ducts or into hollow lumen. sweat, bile, tears.

59
Q

goblet cells

A

unicellular exocrine gland that secretes into a cavity

60
Q

heterocrine

A

both endo/exo functions. ex: pancreas = part of digestive tract and releases insulin directly into blood stream

61
Q

lumen

A

space in any hollow organ/space

62
Q

basement membrane

A

noncellular glue like substance that adheres epithelium to underlying tissue (blisters)

63
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to changes in chemicals

64
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to physical changes like stretch and pressure

65
Q

connective tissue

A

support, connect, insulate

66
Q

3 major cell types found in connective tissue

A

macrophage = big eaters, 1st line of defense
fibroblasts = make fibers
mast cells = promote inflammation; swelling (edema; fluid build up), redness (increased blood supply), heat, pus (mostly white blood cells to fight off infection/invasion), help stimulate w/ chem message, release histomine

67
Q

dermographia

A

skin writing

68
Q

types of connective tissue fibers

A

collagen, elastin, glycoprotein, reticular

69
Q

embryonic connective tissue origin

A

mesenchyme

70
Q

muscle tissue

A

cells that shorten due to the chemical and physical interaction b/w myofilaments (actin and myosin)

71
Q

types of muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

72
Q

3 components of homeostatic mechnisms

A

receptor, control center, effectors

73
Q

effectors

A

glands muscle tissue (adrenal, pituitary, etc)

74
Q

negative feedback

A

produces opposite change so it pouts body back into homeostasis

75
Q

positive feedback

A

speeds up a change / return to homeostasis

76
Q

feedforward feedback

A

anticipates change (stomach: salivate before u start eating, bile produced when see/smell food.)

77
Q

what do receptors measure

A

rate of change and direction of change, not how much or how little.

78
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot; positive feedback mechanism; speeds up process of healing/clotting

79
Q

ectoderm specializations

A

nervous system, portions of eye and ear, tooth enamel, skin, hair

80
Q

mesoderm specialization

A

muscle tissue, heart, blood, bone, kidneys

81
Q

endoderm specialization

A

lining of gut, liver, pancreas, respiratory

82
Q

4 basic tissue types

A

nervous, epithelial, connective, muscular

83
Q

inter cellular junctions

A

tight (chicken pox; paper and glue), adherns (sticky), gap (barrel b/w 2 cells), desmosomes (shoelaces), hemidesmosome (shoe laces; only found near basement membrane)

84
Q

purpose of tissue fluid

A

let things through, move things around

85
Q

blood vessels that carry blood from heart

A

artery

86
Q

smallest blood vessel

A

capillaries

87
Q

boundary organs that get rid of waste

A

urinary respiratory digestive

88
Q

why might tissue fluid composition change?

A

concentration of solutes change; adding in or losing things at boundary organs

89
Q

cell membrane

A

selectively permeable

90
Q

how do things move accross capillary wall?

A

porous; blood flows through, pressure, pores don’t let big stuff through, but lets through smaller particles like glucose

91
Q

diffussion

A

through cell membrane

92
Q

bulk flow

A

material exchange w/o atp.

93
Q

electrolytes

A

sodium calcium potassium chloride

94
Q

aquaporins

A

water pores

95
Q

cell membrane function and composition

A

selectively permeable; water can move through at all times

96
Q

do cells sometimes transport proteins across cell membranes

A

yes, through active transport

97
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

produce protein

98
Q

storage organelles for most cells

A

modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum

99
Q

levels of organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

100
Q

kidneys

A

boundary organ; filter waste products and recycle water; urinary system

101
Q

3 boundary organ systems

A

digestive, respiratory, integumentary (skin)

102
Q

boundary organs contain…

A

selective transport epithelia

103
Q

NOT boundary organs

A

muscular, skeletal, endocrine, CNS, immune

104
Q

intermediary b/w boundary and other organs

A

tissue fluid

105
Q

intracellular fluid

A

within cells; tissue fluid (aka interstitial)

106
Q

extracellular fluid

A

plasma fluid portion of blood

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions