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exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

why do we have medullary cavities

A

lower wt, skeleton lighter. ex: sinuses reduce wt of head

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1
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

stores fat; supports blood vessels and nerves that travel through the living bone.

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2
Q

role of vitamin A

A

protein synthesis and a lot of making/maintaining matrix of bone is about making protein

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3
Q

osteoblastic hormones

A

thyrocalcitonin, somatotropin, testosterone, estrogen

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4
Q

osteoclastic hormones

A

parathormone, thyroxine, corticosteroids.

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5
Q

thyroid follicles

A

simple cuboidal epithelium; hormones say make more protein, rise in basal metabolic rate

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6
Q

thyrocalcitonin

A

calcium into bony matrix; lowers blood calcium b/c its going into the bone; lowers blood sugar

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7
Q

3 target tissues for calcitonin

A

bone/skeleton;intestine (block absorption from intestine if have too much)

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8
Q

hormone functions from thyroid gland

A

reg metabolic rate by telling cells how fast to produce proteins; body building activities

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9
Q

how to raise blood calcium

A

increase kidney absorption; release calcium from matrix by releasing osteoclasts to digest those matrix to thin the matrix; intestines absorb more

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10
Q

trebeculae

A

in spongy bone, 2 cells thick; get thin = osteoporosis; in femur, surgical neck (break on step, not on fall)

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11
Q

why are sex hormones considered osteoblastic?

A

corresponds with growth spurts (estrogen more powerful osteoblast than testosterone, hence girls grow first.)

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12
Q

fidoestrogens

A

plant chemicals close to estrogen

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13
Q

need vitamin d for?

A

transport calcium

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14
Q

corticosteriods

A

cortizone-like, bone density at risk

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15
Q

process to decrease blood calcium

A

activates vitamin d in kidneys; 1. increases absorption in intestine, 2. increases osteoclastic activity in skeleton, 3. increases reabsorption in kidneys.

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16
Q

types of fractures

A

spiral, compound, comminuated, greenstick, malunion, nonunion, delayed union, oblique, transverse

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17
Q

hematoma

A

blood clot

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18
Q

where does spongy bone form

A

close to developing blood vessels

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19
Q

fibrocartilage

A

more distant regions

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20
Q

osteoclasts

A

remove excess bone tissue, restore much like the original

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21
Q

types of membrane

A

serous, mucus, cutaneous, sinovial; organs

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22
Q

epidermis

A

simple squamous; stomach (top layer); multilayers; NOT a membrane

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23
Q

intramembranous

A

connective tissue pattern/template; membrane-like in that it;s flat (flat bones and flat portions of bones)

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24
neuroglia
ectoderm; no axons and dendrites; supports and protects cells/tissues of nervous symptoms
25
endochondral bone formation
endro = sends chondroblasts to secrete a cartilage before the osteoblasts form the bony matrix (long bone formation)
26
mineralization
happens after the cartilage is laid, chondrocytes (cells of the cartilage) begin to die due to lack of nutrients and cant properly dispose of waste; where they die they leave holes (lacunae) for blood vessels to fill holes, send in osteoblasts, lay down bony matrix, spongy bone created, compact laid outside after spongy done.
27
perichondrium
protective layer of collagen on the outside of cartilage
28
periosteum
protective layer of cartilage on the outside of bone; has a really good blood flow
29
endosteum
protective layer around the inside of bone, both spongy and compact
30
primary ossification center
spongy bone in the middle of diaphysis, everything else is cartilage
31
secondary ossification centers
growing in both directions from both epiphyses
32
from which embryonic germ layer are the tissues of the bone derived?
mesoderm
33
-ase
enzyme
34
red marrow
create all the formed elements of blood
35
how bones grow in length
push cartilage towards diaphysis
36
how bones grow in width
periosteum
37
factors necessary for normal ossification
calcium, vitamin d, vitamin c, vitamin a, collagen fibers, pyrophosphotase, osteoclastic/osteoblastic hormones
38
general functions of the skin
regulate body temp, protection as a physical barrier
39
why is skin an organ
b/c has 2 types of tissues
40
sensory receptors
mechnoreceptory, thermoreceptors, pain receptors
41
outer layer of skin (epidermis)
stratified squamous epithelium
42
are there tight junctions in our skin?
no.
43
materials that can cross epithelium of the skin
oils, things that are lipid soluable
44
glands assoc. w/ skin
sweat glands, exocrine (secrete through ducts), sebaceous, ceruminous (water proofing, antimicrobial)
45
origin of upper layers of epidermal cells
ectoderm
46
dermis
comprised of connective tissues
47
layers of the epidermis, from superficial to deep
stratum corneum (dead), stratum lucidum (hairless ares, hands and feet), stratum granulosum (dying), stratum spinosum, stratum basale (capable of mitosis), dermis
48
osteogenesis
create bone
49
mesenchymal cells
move to area of future bone and start to specialize; some become fibroblasts and others become osteoblasts
50
intra membranous bone formation main aspects
fibroblasts and osteoblasts
51
osteogenesis imperfecti
cannot make collagen normally
52
why is smooth muscle called smooth?
no striations (still has actin and myosin, single centrally located nucleus, long spindle shape)
53
goblet cells
secrete mucus; surrounded by columni
54
avascular
w/o blood vessles
55
transitional epithelial
changes number of layers
56
pseudostratefied epithelium
looks stratefied (multiple cell layers) but, every cell touches bottom of that epithelim
57
endocrine
hormones into blood stream
58
exocrine
outside through ducts or into hollow lumen. sweat, bile, tears.
59
goblet cells
unicellular exocrine gland that secretes into a cavity
60
heterocrine
both endo/exo functions. ex: pancreas = part of digestive tract and releases insulin directly into blood stream
61
lumen
space in any hollow organ/space
62
basement membrane
noncellular glue like substance that adheres epithelium to underlying tissue (blisters)
63
chemoreceptors
respond to changes in chemicals
64
mechanoreceptors
respond to physical changes like stretch and pressure
65
connective tissue
support, connect, insulate
66
3 major cell types found in connective tissue
macrophage = big eaters, 1st line of defense fibroblasts = make fibers mast cells = promote inflammation; swelling (edema; fluid build up), redness (increased blood supply), heat, pus (mostly white blood cells to fight off infection/invasion), help stimulate w/ chem message, release histomine
67
dermographia
skin writing
68
types of connective tissue fibers
collagen, elastin, glycoprotein, reticular
69
embryonic connective tissue origin
mesenchyme
70
muscle tissue
cells that shorten due to the chemical and physical interaction b/w myofilaments (actin and myosin)
71
types of muscle
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
72
3 components of homeostatic mechnisms
receptor, control center, effectors
73
effectors
glands muscle tissue (adrenal, pituitary, etc)
74
negative feedback
produces opposite change so it pouts body back into homeostasis
75
positive feedback
speeds up a change / return to homeostasis
76
feedforward feedback
anticipates change (stomach: salivate before u start eating, bile produced when see/smell food.)
77
what do receptors measure
rate of change and direction of change, not how much or how little.
78
thrombus
blood clot; positive feedback mechanism; speeds up process of healing/clotting
79
ectoderm specializations
nervous system, portions of eye and ear, tooth enamel, skin, hair
80
mesoderm specialization
muscle tissue, heart, blood, bone, kidneys
81
endoderm specialization
lining of gut, liver, pancreas, respiratory
82
4 basic tissue types
nervous, epithelial, connective, muscular
83
inter cellular junctions
tight (chicken pox; paper and glue), adherns (sticky), gap (barrel b/w 2 cells), desmosomes (shoelaces), hemidesmosome (shoe laces; only found near basement membrane)
84
purpose of tissue fluid
let things through, move things around
85
blood vessels that carry blood from heart
artery
86
smallest blood vessel
capillaries
87
boundary organs that get rid of waste
urinary respiratory digestive
88
why might tissue fluid composition change?
concentration of solutes change; adding in or losing things at boundary organs
89
cell membrane
selectively permeable
90
how do things move accross capillary wall?
porous; blood flows through, pressure, pores don't let big stuff through, but lets through smaller particles like glucose
91
diffussion
through cell membrane
92
bulk flow
material exchange w/o atp.
93
electrolytes
sodium calcium potassium chloride
94
aquaporins
water pores
95
cell membrane function and composition
selectively permeable; water can move through at all times
96
do cells sometimes transport proteins across cell membranes
yes, through active transport
97
rough endoplasmic reticulum
produce protein
98
storage organelles for most cells
modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum
99
levels of organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
100
kidneys
boundary organ; filter waste products and recycle water; urinary system
101
3 boundary organ systems
digestive, respiratory, integumentary (skin)
102
boundary organs contain...
selective transport epithelia
103
NOT boundary organs
muscular, skeletal, endocrine, CNS, immune
104
intermediary b/w boundary and other organs
tissue fluid
105
intracellular fluid
within cells; tissue fluid (aka interstitial)
106
extracellular fluid
plasma fluid portion of blood

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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