exam 1 Flashcards
why do we have medullary cavities
lower wt, skeleton lighter. ex: sinuses reduce wt of head
yellow bone marrow
stores fat; supports blood vessels and nerves that travel through the living bone.
role of vitamin A
protein synthesis and a lot of making/maintaining matrix of bone is about making protein
osteoblastic hormones
thyrocalcitonin, somatotropin, testosterone, estrogen
osteoclastic hormones
parathormone, thyroxine, corticosteroids.
thyroid follicles
simple cuboidal epithelium; hormones say make more protein, rise in basal metabolic rate
thyrocalcitonin
calcium into bony matrix; lowers blood calcium b/c its going into the bone; lowers blood sugar
3 target tissues for calcitonin
bone/skeleton;intestine (block absorption from intestine if have too much)
hormone functions from thyroid gland
reg metabolic rate by telling cells how fast to produce proteins; body building activities
how to raise blood calcium
increase kidney absorption; release calcium from matrix by releasing osteoclasts to digest those matrix to thin the matrix; intestines absorb more
trebeculae
in spongy bone, 2 cells thick; get thin = osteoporosis; in femur, surgical neck (break on step, not on fall)
why are sex hormones considered osteoblastic?
corresponds with growth spurts (estrogen more powerful osteoblast than testosterone, hence girls grow first.)
fidoestrogens
plant chemicals close to estrogen
need vitamin d for?
transport calcium
corticosteriods
cortizone-like, bone density at risk
process to decrease blood calcium
activates vitamin d in kidneys; 1. increases absorption in intestine, 2. increases osteoclastic activity in skeleton, 3. increases reabsorption in kidneys.
types of fractures
spiral, compound, comminuated, greenstick, malunion, nonunion, delayed union, oblique, transverse
hematoma
blood clot
where does spongy bone form
close to developing blood vessels
fibrocartilage
more distant regions
osteoclasts
remove excess bone tissue, restore much like the original
types of membrane
serous, mucus, cutaneous, sinovial; organs
epidermis
simple squamous; stomach (top layer); multilayers; NOT a membrane
intramembranous
connective tissue pattern/template; membrane-like in that it;s flat (flat bones and flat portions of bones)
neuroglia
ectoderm; no axons and dendrites; supports and protects cells/tissues of nervous symptoms
endochondral bone formation
endro = sends chondroblasts to secrete a cartilage before the osteoblasts form the bony matrix (long bone formation)
mineralization
happens after the cartilage is laid, chondrocytes (cells of the cartilage) begin to die due to lack of nutrients and cant properly dispose of waste; where they die they leave holes (lacunae) for blood vessels to fill holes, send in osteoblasts, lay down bony matrix, spongy bone created, compact laid outside after spongy done.
perichondrium
protective layer of collagen on the outside of cartilage
periosteum
protective layer of cartilage on the outside of bone; has a really good blood flow
endosteum
protective layer around the inside of bone, both spongy and compact
primary ossification center
spongy bone in the middle of diaphysis, everything else is cartilage
secondary ossification centers
growing in both directions from both epiphyses
from which embryonic germ layer are the tissues of the bone derived?
mesoderm
-ase
enzyme
red marrow
create all the formed elements of blood
how bones grow in length
push cartilage towards diaphysis
how bones grow in width
periosteum
factors necessary for normal ossification
calcium, vitamin d, vitamin c, vitamin a, collagen fibers, pyrophosphotase, osteoclastic/osteoblastic hormones
general functions of the skin
regulate body temp, protection as a physical barrier
why is skin an organ
b/c has 2 types of tissues
sensory receptors
mechnoreceptory, thermoreceptors, pain receptors
outer layer of skin (epidermis)
stratified squamous epithelium
are there tight junctions in our skin?
no.
materials that can cross epithelium of the skin
oils, things that are lipid soluable
glands assoc. w/ skin
sweat glands, exocrine (secrete through ducts), sebaceous, ceruminous (water proofing, antimicrobial)
origin of upper layers of epidermal cells
ectoderm
dermis
comprised of connective tissues
layers of the epidermis, from superficial to deep
stratum corneum (dead), stratum lucidum (hairless ares, hands and feet), stratum granulosum (dying), stratum spinosum, stratum basale (capable of mitosis), dermis
osteogenesis
create bone
mesenchymal cells
move to area of future bone and start to specialize; some become fibroblasts and others become osteoblasts
intra membranous bone formation main aspects
fibroblasts and osteoblasts
osteogenesis imperfecti
cannot make collagen normally
why is smooth muscle called smooth?
no striations (still has actin and myosin, single centrally located nucleus, long spindle shape)
goblet cells
secrete mucus; surrounded by columni
avascular
w/o blood vessles
transitional epithelial
changes number of layers
pseudostratefied epithelium
looks stratefied (multiple cell layers) but, every cell touches bottom of that epithelim
endocrine
hormones into blood stream
exocrine
outside through ducts or into hollow lumen. sweat, bile, tears.
goblet cells
unicellular exocrine gland that secretes into a cavity
heterocrine
both endo/exo functions. ex: pancreas = part of digestive tract and releases insulin directly into blood stream
lumen
space in any hollow organ/space
basement membrane
noncellular glue like substance that adheres epithelium to underlying tissue (blisters)
chemoreceptors
respond to changes in chemicals
mechanoreceptors
respond to physical changes like stretch and pressure
connective tissue
support, connect, insulate
3 major cell types found in connective tissue
macrophage = big eaters, 1st line of defense
fibroblasts = make fibers
mast cells = promote inflammation; swelling (edema; fluid build up), redness (increased blood supply), heat, pus (mostly white blood cells to fight off infection/invasion), help stimulate w/ chem message, release histomine
dermographia
skin writing
types of connective tissue fibers
collagen, elastin, glycoprotein, reticular
embryonic connective tissue origin
mesenchyme
muscle tissue
cells that shorten due to the chemical and physical interaction b/w myofilaments (actin and myosin)
types of muscle
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
3 components of homeostatic mechnisms
receptor, control center, effectors
effectors
glands muscle tissue (adrenal, pituitary, etc)
negative feedback
produces opposite change so it pouts body back into homeostasis
positive feedback
speeds up a change / return to homeostasis
feedforward feedback
anticipates change (stomach: salivate before u start eating, bile produced when see/smell food.)
what do receptors measure
rate of change and direction of change, not how much or how little.
thrombus
blood clot; positive feedback mechanism; speeds up process of healing/clotting
ectoderm specializations
nervous system, portions of eye and ear, tooth enamel, skin, hair
mesoderm specialization
muscle tissue, heart, blood, bone, kidneys
endoderm specialization
lining of gut, liver, pancreas, respiratory
4 basic tissue types
nervous, epithelial, connective, muscular
inter cellular junctions
tight (chicken pox; paper and glue), adherns (sticky), gap (barrel b/w 2 cells), desmosomes (shoelaces), hemidesmosome (shoe laces; only found near basement membrane)
purpose of tissue fluid
let things through, move things around
blood vessels that carry blood from heart
artery
smallest blood vessel
capillaries
boundary organs that get rid of waste
urinary respiratory digestive
why might tissue fluid composition change?
concentration of solutes change; adding in or losing things at boundary organs
cell membrane
selectively permeable
how do things move accross capillary wall?
porous; blood flows through, pressure, pores don’t let big stuff through, but lets through smaller particles like glucose
diffussion
through cell membrane
bulk flow
material exchange w/o atp.
electrolytes
sodium calcium potassium chloride
aquaporins
water pores
cell membrane function and composition
selectively permeable; water can move through at all times
do cells sometimes transport proteins across cell membranes
yes, through active transport
rough endoplasmic reticulum
produce protein
storage organelles for most cells
modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum
levels of organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
kidneys
boundary organ; filter waste products and recycle water; urinary system
3 boundary organ systems
digestive, respiratory, integumentary (skin)
boundary organs contain…
selective transport epithelia
NOT boundary organs
muscular, skeletal, endocrine, CNS, immune
intermediary b/w boundary and other organs
tissue fluid
intracellular fluid
within cells; tissue fluid (aka interstitial)
extracellular fluid
plasma fluid portion of blood
