Chapter 1 - An Intro To The Human Body Flashcards
dissection
careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships
anatomy
study of structure and the relationships among structures
physiology
study of nature; deals with function of body parts
what is the primary function of lungs?
efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood
what are the sub-disciplines of anatomy?
embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, sectional anatomy, gross anatomy, systematic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, radiographic anatomy, pathological anatomy.
embryology
study of embryos; 1st 8 weeks of development after egg is fertilized
developmental biology
the complete history of an individual from fertilization to death
cell biology
cellular structure and function
histology
microscopic structure of tissues
sectional anatomy
internal structure and relationships of the body through the use of sections
gross anatomy
structures that can be examined without a microscope
systematic anatomy
structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems
regional anatomy
specific region of the body such as head or chest
surface anatomy
surface markings of the body to understand the relations of deep or internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch)
radiographic anatomy
body structures that can be visualized with x-rays
pathological anatomy
structural changes associated with disease
example of connections between structure and function of the human body
- shape of external ear assists with the collection and localization of sound waves, which facilitates hearing.
- tight connections between bones of the skull, which protect the brain.
Life essential atoms
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium.
CHONPCa
what are the levels of body organization?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system/organ system, organismal
letters, words, sentence, paragraph, chapter, book
chemical level
atoms and molecules
cellular level
molecules combine to form cells
cells
structures composed of chemicals and are the basic structural and functional units of an organism; smallest living units in human body.
types of cells
muscle, nerves, blood cells
tissue level
groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
4 basic types of tissues
epithelial (covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs/cavities, form glands), connective, muscular, nervous.
organ level
different types of tissue are joined together
system level / organ system level
consists of related organs with a common function
organismal level
any living individual
metabolism
sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
responsiveness
body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment
movement
motion of the whole body, individual organs, single ce3lls, and even structures inside cells
growth
increase in body size due to increase in existing cells, number of cells, or amount of material surrounding cells.
differentiation
the process unspecialized cells go through to become specialized cells.
reproduction
- the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement
- the production of a new individual
what are the body cavities?
cranial, vertebral canal, thoracic cavity, diaphragm, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
membrane
thin pliable tissue that covers lines, partitions, or connects structures
serous membrane
slippery, double layered; covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.
2 parts of the serous membrane
visceral and parietal
pleura
serous membrane associated with lungs
visceral pleura
clings to surface of lungs
parietal pleura
lines the chest wall and covers superior surface of the diaphragm.
pleural cavity
filled with small volume of lubricating fluid
pericardium
serous membrane associated with the heart
peritoneum
serous membrane associated with abdominal cavity
intraperitoneal organs
stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, jejunum and ileum of the small intestine, and the cecum, appendix, and transverse colon of the large intestine
retroperitoneal organs
kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, ascending and descending colons of the large intestines, abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava.
mediastinum
anatomical region that is medial to the lungs and extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the 1st rib to the diaphragm.
disorder
any abnormality of structure and/or function
disease
more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs in which body structures and functions are altered in characteristic ways
symptoms
subjective changes in body; functions that aren’t apparent to an observer.
signs
objective change that a physician can observe and measure
lesion
anatomical sign of a disease; organ or tissue damage resulting from injury or disease (swelling, rash, ulcer, wound, tumor)
local disease
affects one part or a limited region of the body
systematic disease
affects either entire body or several parts of it
epidemiology
the science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they’re transmitted among individuals in a community
phaarmacology
the science that deals with the uses and effects of drugs in the treatment of disease
diagnosis
the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
