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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cells Flashcards

0
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms the cells flexible outer surface; it separates the cells internal environment and its external environment

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1
Q

3 principal parts of a cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and __________

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2
Q

cytoplasm

A

all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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3
Q

2 components of cytoplasm

A

cytosol, organelles

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4
Q

cytosol

A

the fluid portion of cytoplasm, contains water, dissolves solutes and the suspended particles

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5
Q

organelles

A

each organelle has a characteristic shape and special function

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6
Q

lipid bilayer

A

2 back-to-back layers made of 3 types of lipid molecules

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7
Q

3 types of lipid molecules

A

phospholipids (75% of membrane lipids)
cholesterol molecules (20% of membrane lipids)
glycolipids (5% of membrane lipids)

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8
Q

integral proteins

A

entend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmlyembedded in it

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9
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

integral proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid.

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10
Q

peripheral proteins

A

integral proteins not as firmly embedded in the membrane and are attached to membrane lipids or integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane.

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11
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins w/ carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the ecf

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12
Q

glycocoloyx

A

the carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins that form an extensive sugary coating; acts like a molecular “signature” that enables cells to recognize one another.

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13
Q

ion channels

A

pores or holes through which specific ions, such as K+ ions, can flow through to gain entry or leave the cell

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14
Q

carriers/transporters

A

selectively moving a polar substance or ions from one side of the membranne to the other

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15
Q

receptors

A

serve as cellular recognition sites; each type of receptor recognizes and binds a specific type of molecule

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16
Q

ligand

A

specific molecule that binds to a receptor

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17
Q

enzymes

A

integral proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside surface of cell

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18
Q

linkers

A

proteins that anchor the plasma membranes of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside and outside the cell (integral and peripheral proteins can be linkers)

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19
Q

cell identity markers

A

enabling a cell to 1)recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation and 2) recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells. ex: blood type markers; often membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids serve as cell identity markers

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20
Q

intracellular fluid

A

inside cell, cytosol

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21
Q

extracellular fluids

A

outside cell; found in several places: interstitial fluid and plasma; circulatory vessels -> lymphatic -> between tissue and capillaries.

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22
Q

interstitial fluid

A

filling microscopic spaces b/w tissues

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23
Q

plasma

A

ecf in blood vessels

24
Q

lymph

A

ecf in lymphatic vessels

25
Q

passive process

A

substance moves down it’s concentration gradient or electrical gradient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy

26
Q

active processes

A

cellular energy expended to move the substance into an area of higher concentration gradient/electrical gradient.

27
Q

adenosine phosphate (ATP)

A

cellular energy used for active processes

28
Q

ways materials may cross plasma membranes

A

1) kinetic energy
2) transporter proteins
3) vessicles

29
Q

processes that rely on kinetic energy to pass through a plasma membrane

A

diffusion and osmosis

30
Q

diffusion

A

passive process in which the net movement of a substance is from a region of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; continues until equilibrium.

31
Q

osmosis

A

passive process; net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

32
Q

aquaporins

A

pores made of integral proteins, and b/w neighboring phospholipid molecules in the membrane, an movement continues until equilibrium is reached

33
Q

facilitated diffussion

A

a passive process that is accomplished w/ the assistance of transmembrane proteins functioning as carriers; allows some molecules too large to fit through the protein pores and others that are too insoluble in lipids to pass through the plasma membrane. ex: glucose

34
Q

active transport

A

substances transported across plasma membranes with the expenditure of energy by the cell, typically from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

35
Q

vessicle

A

small, spherical, membranous sac formed by the biudding off from an existing membrane; transport substances from one structure to another within cells, take in substances from ecf, or release substances into ecf

36
Q

endocytosis

A

materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane; active processes

37
Q

exocytosis

A

materials move out of a cell in a vesicle formed inside a cell with the plasma membrane; active transport

38
Q

endocytosis

A

3 types: receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and bulk-phase endocytosis

39
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

binding->vesicle formation->uncoating->fusion with endosome->recycling of receptors to plasma membrane->degradation in lysosomes

40
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulf large solid particles including worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or viruses

41
Q

phagocytes

A

body cells that carry out phagocytosis; 2 types: macrophages and neutrophils

42
Q

macrophages

A

located in many body tissues, type of phagocyte

43
Q

neutrophils

A

type of white blood cell

44
Q

pseudopods (false feet)

A

projections of its plasma membrane and cytoplasm; surround outside of cell, and the membranes fuse to form a vessicle calles phagosome

45
Q

phagosome

A

enters cytoplasm; fuses with one or more lysosomes, and lysosomal enzymes break down the ingested material

46
Q

2 types of cels where exocytosis is very important

A

1) secretory cells that liberate digestive enzymes, hormones, or other secretions.
2) nerve cells that release neurotransmitters

47
Q

trancytosis

A

active processes; vessicles undergo endocytosis on one end of the cell, then undergo exocytosis on te opposite side; occurs most often through the epithelial cells that line blood vessels and is a means for material to move b/w blood plasma and interstitial fluid.

48
Q

bulk-phage endocytosis

A

“cell drinking”; movement of ecf into a cell by infolding of plasma membrane to form a vesicle

49
Q

2 components of cytoplasm

A

cytosol and organelles

50
Q

cytosol

A

fluid portion of cytoplasm that surrounds organelles

51
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments that extend through the cytosol; microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

52
Q

microfilaments

A

thinnest elements of cytoskeleton; mechanical support responsible for basic strength and shape of cells

53
Q

microvilli

A

core of parallel microfilaments w/in a microvillus supports it and attaches is to other parts of the cytoplasm

54
Q

intermediate filaments

A

found in parts of cells subject to mechanical stress, they help anchor organelles such as the nucleus and attach cells to one another

55
Q

microtubules

A

long, unbranched hollow tubes composed of mainly a protein called tubulin; helps determine cell shape and function in the intracellular transport of organelles.

56
Q

centrosome

A

located near the nucleus, consists of 2 components: a pair of centrisoles and pericentriolar material

57
Q

centrioles

A

cylindrical structures, each composed of 9 clusters of 3 microtubules arranged in a circular pattern

58
Q

cilia

A

numerous, short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell; anchored to a basal body.

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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