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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 - Development > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Development Flashcards

0
Q

gametes

A

sperm and secondary oocytes; produced by gonads (testes and ovaries)

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1
Q

sexual reproduction

A

process by which organisms produce offspring

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2
Q

developmental biology

A

study of the sequence of events from the fertilization of a secondary oocyte by a sperm cell to the formation of an adult organism

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3
Q

embryonic period

A

fertilization to 8th week of development

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4
Q

embryo

A

developing human

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5
Q

embryology

A

study of development from fertilization to the 8th week

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6
Q

fetal period

A

week 9 until birth

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7
Q

fetus

A

developing human from week 9 until birth

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8
Q

prenatal development

A

time from fertilization to birth and includes both embryonic period and fetal period. divided into 3 periods, trimesters

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9
Q

first trimester

A

most critical stage of development; all major organ-systems begin to develop; embryo most vulnerable to the effects of drugs, radiation, and microbes.

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10
Q

second trimester

A

characterized by the nearly complete development of organ-systems; at end of stage fetus assumes distinctly human features

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11
Q

third trimester

A

rapid fetal growth in which the weight of the fetus doubles; during early stages most organ systems become fully functional

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12
Q

ovaries

A

paired organs in the superior portion of the pelvic cavity on either side of the uterus;produce secondary oocytes and discharge them into the peritoneal cavity each month (ovulation)

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13
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

extend laterally from uterus, path for embryo from peritoneal cavity

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14
Q

uterus

A

inverted pear-shaped organ in the pelvic and lower abdominal cavity; consists of a superior portion (fundus), middle portion (body), and inferior portion (cervix)

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15
Q

uterine cavity

A

interior body of uterus

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16
Q

cervical canal

A

interior of cervix

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17
Q

endometrium

A

vascular, glandular lining of uterus at menstration

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18
Q

myometrium

A

largest mass of smooth muscle in body; underneath endometrium; responsible for strong contractions to expel endometrium.

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19
Q

vagina

A

multi-purpose canal attached to cervix and open to the exterior

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20
Q

fertilization

A

genetic material from aa haploid sperm cell and a haploid secondary oocyte merges into a single diploid nucleus

21
Q

capacitation

A

series of functional changes that cause the sperms tail to beat even more vigorously and prepare its plasma membrane to fuse with the oocytes plasma membrane.

22
Q

corona radiata

A

cells that surround the secondary oocyte

23
Q

zona pellucida

A

clear glycoprotein layer between the corona radiata and the oocytes plasma membrane

24
Q

acrosome

A

helmetlike structure that covers the head of the sperm, contains several enzymes

25
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

release of contents of the acrosome

26
Q

syngamy

A

fusion with the oocyte

27
Q

polyspermy

A

fertilization by more than one sperm cell

28
Q

path of sperm cell

A

corona radiata -> zona pellucida ->plasma membrane of secondary oocyte -> cytoplasm of secondary oocyte

29
Q

dizygotic (fraternal) twins

A

produced from the independent release of 2 secondary zygotes and the subsequent fertilization of them by 2 sperm

30
Q

monozygotic (identical) twins

A

develop from a single fertilized ovum; contain exact same genetic code; separation of zygote into 2 embryos, 99% of the time within 8 days of fertilization

31
Q

conjoined twins

A

often result of zygote separation after first 8 days of fertilization.; share some body structures

32
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

occurs outside uterus, often in Fallopian tubes

33
Q

cleavage

A

zygote undergoes miotic cell division that initially increase the number of cells without increasing the overall size of the cell mass; first division begins ~24 hours after fertilization and ends 6 hours later

34
Q

blastomeres

A

progressively smaller cells produced by clevage

35
Q

morula

A

solid sphere of cells from clevage

36
Q

uterine milk

A

glycogen-rich secretion from the glands of the endometrium, passes into the uterine cavity and enters the morula through the zona pellucida

37
Q

blastocyst cavity

A

large fluid cavity collecting blastomeres

38
Q

blastocyst

A

day 5 after fertilization; hundreds of cells but same size as original zygote

39
Q

embryoblast

A

inner cell mass; located internally and eventually develops into the embryo and some of the extraembryonic membranes

40
Q

trophoblast

A

outer superficial layer of cells that forms the sphere like wal of the blastocyst

41
Q

placenta

A

site of exchange of nutrients and waste between mother and fetus

42
Q

implantation

A

6 days after fertilization the blastocyte loosely attaches to endometrium

43
Q

decidua

A

functional layer of the endometrium

44
Q

decidua basalis

A

portion of the endometrium beneath the implanting embryo; later becomes maternal part of the placenta

45
Q

decidula parietalis

A

the remaining modified endometrium that lines the noninvolved areas of the rest of the uterus

46
Q

decidua capsularis

A

the portion of the endometrium that will cover the embryo after it implants in the endometrium

47
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that have the ability to divide for undefined periods and give rise to specialized cells

48
Q

therapeutic cloning

A

envisioned as a procedure in which the genetic material of a patient with a particular disease is used to create pluripotent stem cells to treat the disease

49
Q

syncytiotrophoblast

A

2 layers in the region of contact b/w the blastocyst and endometrium; no distinct boundary

50
Q

cytotrophoblast

A

area b/w the embryoblast and syncytiotrophoblast that has distinct cell boundaries

51
Q

key hormone in maintenance of pregnancy

A

hCG

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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