Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The mind body problem

A

How can a physical substance give rise to our feelings, thoughts and emotions?

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2
Q

Story of Thomas Willis and his most lasting contribution to neurology

A

Father of clinical neurology -linked brain damage to specific behavioral deficits -documented anatomy and disease Linked brain morphology with cognitive dysfunction by folioing patients for many years and then doing postmortem dissections

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3
Q

Phrenology

A

Franz Gall Localizationist view -attributed individual cognitive functions to specific brain regions -using a mental function cause corresponding brain region to grow bigger, creating bumps on skull -put mind in brain

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4
Q

Holism vs. Localism (role of Broca and Wernicke in debate)

A

Holism -whole brain participated in each behavior Both partially right -specific process can be localized to single brain region -complex functions are carried out by many brain regions acting in concert Broca’s aphasia -inability to generate speech Wernicke’s aphasia -comprehension loss

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5
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Understanding the critical link between brain and behavior Understanding early misapplications of this principle

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6
Q

Four lobes

A

Dorsal (superior) HEAD Rostral (anterior) Caudal (posterior) Ventral (inferior) Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe

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7
Q

Gyri and Sulci (e.g., central sulcus, calcarine sulcus, intreparietal suclus)

A

Gyri (protrusion) Sulci (invagination) Precentral sulcus Central sulcus Postcentral sulcus Interparietal sulcus

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8
Q

Orientation references (e.g., coronal)

A

Medial- toward the inside Lateral- toward the outside Coronal- skull to jaw cut from ear to ear Axial- cut from eye to bump Sagittal- skull to jaw, eye to back

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9
Q

Brodmann’s areas (how they are defined)

A

Based on different cell types (cytarchitectonics) in postmortem brain V1- Visual processing, primary visual cortex (far back of head- occipital lobe)

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10
Q

General differences between our brains and other animals

A

?

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11
Q

Methods of stimulation

A

Selective damage through natural accidents -which necessary for specific cog. function Invasive stimulation -strengths: precise temporal and spacial stim, see direct and downstream effects -weaknesses: invasive Non-invasive stimulation (TMS & tDCS) -strengths: good temporal resolution, spacial precision, non-invasive -weaknesses: limited to brain surface, stimulation vs. disruption not fully understood (must be combined with other techniques)

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12
Q

Methods of measuring natural signals

A

Electrophysiological -single cells recording Imaging: MEG/EEG -strengths: high temp resolution, non-invasive -weaknesses: localization hard, need many events fMRI -strengths: spacial, functional networks and props -weaknesses: indirect, expensive

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13
Q

Single vs double dissociation

A

Single

  • Two groups, one task minimum; differ for one task, but not other
  • weak evidence
  • ex. temporal (good spacial, bad object) parietal (good spacial, bad object)

Double

  • two groups, two task minimum; one impared on one task, other impared on other task
  • strong argument
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14
Q

Principles of choosing research methods

A

If interested in temporal info -> ERPs/EEG If interested in localizing a cog function -> fMRI/MEG Correlational or causal rel?

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15
Q

Pathway of visual info up to primary visual cortex

A
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16
Q

Organization of V1

17
Q

Functional specialties of V5/MT and V4

A

MT (middle temporal)

  • motion (lesion creates deficit)
  • dorsal pathway

V4

  • color (lesion causes no color perception)
  • ventral pathway
18
Q

Cortical magnification and functional overrepresentation

A

Mapping and perception is not fixed

19
Q

Visual hierarchy

20
Q

Illusory filling-in (examples)

A

Reconstructive

Example: lines

21
Q

Case study: how can emotion affect perceived brightness?

A

Positive -> brighter Moral behavior increases brightness -good and evil, metaphoric illusion

22
Q

Cortical plasticity/reorganization

A

Mapping in perception is not fixed

23
Q

What vs. where/how pathways of infor and supporting evidence

A

Where: Dorsal stream- position task (how)

  • Size of receptive feild increases along dorsal; spacial selectivity preserved
  • Interhemispheric comm: more unilateral representation
  • Lateral function deficits: lesion IPS -> gross and incorrect misreaching for target in leteral peripheral vision

What: Ventral stream- object task

  • RF size increases along stages (integrates over previous stages); central vision; more select to stimulus properties
  • Interhemispheric comm: bilateral representation
  • Lateral function deficits: lesion LOC -> cannot recognize objects, but know how to act on them

Evidence: temp area removed-> spatial irrelevant; parietal -> object irrelevant

24
Q

Grandmother cell vs. Ensemble or population coding for object recognition

A

Grandmother

Highest level representation

Each neuron responds to one specific object (knows everything about X)

Ensemble

Many neurons code parts of object together

individual cells have continuos coding for a certain feature

Need flexibility and specificity

25
Q

Optic ataxia vs. object agnosia

A

Object agnosia

-cannot ID objects

Optic ataxia

  • lack coordination
26
Q

Signatures of face processing in cog psych, cog neurosci and neuropsyc

their role is debate about whether faces are special or not

A

Composite face effect and face inversion effect suggest that face regonition is critically dependant on a hollistic pros of facial components

27
Q

Hollistic vs. expertise

A

Hollistic (images of faces or objects)

Expertise (expert at objects, equiv to face recognition by long term expertis- trade off)

28
Q

Case study: Jennifer Aniston same as grandmother cell?