Exam 1 Flashcards
What is exercise physiology
The study of exercise on the function of tissues, organs, and systems, in terms of how the body responds to acute stress and chronic stress (training)
What are the 6 components of effective physiological testing
The variables should be relevant to the sport, tests should be sport-specific, equipment must be calibrated, testing procedures should be carefully controlled, tests should be repeated at regular intervals, and tests should be valid and reliable
What are common confounding variables in exercise research
Temperature, humidity, noise level, food intake, and sleep
When would you use a One-way ANOVA compared to a factorial ANOVA
One-way is for 3 or more independent gropus and one independent variable where factorial is for 4+ independent groups and 2+ independent variables
What is direct calorimetry
A measurement of heat production as an indication of metabolic rate
What are the 2 pros of direct calorimetry
It’s accurate over time and good for resting metabolic measurements (daily activities)
What are 4 cons of direct calorimetry
It’s expensive and slow (bc/have to wait for heat to be expelled), the equipment adds extra heat, sweat creates errors in measurements (bc/evaporates and cools), and it’s not practical or accurate for exercise
What is indirect calorimetry
A measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production as an indication of metabolic rate
What are the pros and cons of indirect calorimetry
Older methods of analysis are accurate but slow and newer methods are faster but expensive
What is VO2
Volume of oxygen consumed per minute
What is VCO2
Volume of carbon dioxide produed per minute
What is one way to determine if someone is at their VO2 max
A plateau in their oxygen uptake
What is a MET
A metabolic equivalent for resting metabolic rate (1 MET = 3.5 ml/kg/min)
What is exercise efficiency
The most work for the least input (ATP, kilocalories, or fuel used)
What 3 factors influence exercise efficiency
Exercise work rate (inverses), speed of movement (typically optimum speed and deviations reduce efficiency), and muscle fiber type (slow/type 1 fibers have more efficiency)
What is running economy
Oxygen cost of running at a given speed (because cannot calculate efficiency of horizontal running)
–> Better running economy is lower relative VO2 at same speed
What is the x axis in steady state exercise
Time
What is the x axis in graded exercise
Intensity
For someone to reach steady state what do they need
They have to do oxidative phosphorylation at a submaximal rate
What are 5 examples of stresses
High temperature, low cellular energy levels, abnormal pH, alterations in cell calcium, and protein damage by free radicals
What are heat shock proteins
Also called “stress proteins”, they repair damaged/unfolded proteins that resulted from high heat
Can passive heating (e.g. a hot bath) lead to an increase in Hsps
Yes because of the increase in heat, it can induce the production of Hsps and increase energy expenditure, but passive heating can’t fully replace exercise
What is metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
What is bioenergetics
Converting foodstuffs (fats, proteins, carbohydrates) into usable energy for cell work