Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR333 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air exhaled following normal inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

crackles/rales

A
  • fine to coarse bubbly sounds, associated with air passing through fluid or collapsed small airways
  • not cleared by cough
  • discontinuous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

wheezes

A
  • high pitched whistling, narrow obstructed airways
  • musical noise
  • continuous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

rhonchi

A
  • loud low pitched rumbling, fluid or mucous in airways
  • can resolve with coughing or suctioning
  • snore sound
  • continuous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

stridor

A
  • choking, children
  • emergency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bronchial

A
  • high pitch
  • normally heard over trachea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bronchial vesicular

A
  • medium pitch
  • heard over mainstream bronchi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

vesicular

A
  • low pitch
  • heard over most of normal lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

bradypnea

A
  • rate of breathing is regular but abnormally slow
  • less than 12 breaths/min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tachypnea

A
  • rate of breathing is regular but abnormally rapid
  • greater than 20 breaths/min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hyperpnea

A
  • respirations are labored, increased in depth, and increased in rate
  • greater than 20 breaths/min
  • occurs normally during exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

apnea

A
  • respirations cease for several seconds
  • persistent cessation results in respiratory arrest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hyperventilation

A
  • rate and depth of respirations increase
  • hypocarbia sometimes occurs
  • removing CO2 father than it is produced by cellular metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hypoventilation

A
  • respiratory rate is abnormally low and depth of ventilation is depressed
  • hypercarbia sometimes occurs
  • inadequate alveolar ventilation to meet demand
  • not enough oxygen and/or too much carbon dioxide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

factors affecting oxygenation

A
  • decreased oxygen carrying capacity
  • hypovolemia
  • decreased inspired oxygen concentration
  • chest wall movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PaO2

A

80-100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PaCO2

A

35-45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

SpO2 (oxygenation saturation)

A

greater than 95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

EtCo2

A

35-45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

causes of hypoventilation

A
  • medications
  • sedatives
  • alveolar collapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

signs and symptoms of hypoventilation

A
  • mental status changes (early sign)
  • dysrhythmias
  • cardiac arrest
  • convulsions
  • unconsciousness
  • death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

causes of hyperventilation

A
  • anxiety attacks (severe)
  • infection/fever
  • drugs
  • acid-base imbalance (pH)
  • aspirin poisoning
  • amphetamine use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

signs and symptoms of hyperventilation

A
  • rapid respirations
  • sighing breaths
  • numbness/tingling of hands/feet
  • light-headedness
  • loss of consciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

atelectasis

A
  • collapsed alveoli
  • prevents normal respiratory gas exchange
  • can lead to lung collapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

conditions associated with atelectasis

A
  • immobility
  • obesity
  • sleep apnea
  • chronic lung conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

hypoxia

A
  • inadequate tissue oxygenation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

causes of hypoxia

A
  • decreased hemoglobin levels/low oxygen-carrying capacity
  • diminished oxygen concentration of inspired oxygen
  • inability of tissues to get oxygen from blood
  • decreased diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to blood-infections/pneumonia
  • poor perfusion with oxygenated blood
  • impaired ventilation from traumas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

signs and symptoms of hypoxia

A
  • apprehension
  • restless
  • inability to concentrate
  • decreased LOC
  • behavioral changes
  • difficultly lying flat
  • cyanosis (late sign of hypoxia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

central cyanosis

A
  • tongue
  • soft palate
  • conjunctiva of the eye
  • hypoxemia
30
Q

peripheral cyanosis

A
  • extremities
  • nail beds
  • ear lobes
  • vasoconstriction
31
Q

early signs of hypoxia

A
  • restlessness
  • anxiety
  • tachycardia/tachypnea
32
Q

late signs of hypoxia

A
  • bradycardia
  • extreme restlessness
  • dyspnea
33
Q

chronic hypoxia

A
  • associated with chronic lung conditions
  • COPD most common
34
Q

common findings in chronic hypoxia

A
  • cyanotic nailbeds
  • sluggish capillary refill
  • clubbing
  • barrel chest
35
Q

dyspnea

A
  • subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing
  • associated with hypoxia
  • related to shortness of breath
36
Q

signs and symptoms of hypoxia

A
  • use of accessory muscles
  • nasal flaring
  • increased rate/depth
37
Q

cough

A
  • protective reflex to clear trachea, bronchi and lungs of irritants and secretions
  • adequate hydration and coughing helps patient maintain airway patency
38
Q

nursing diagnoses related to oxygenation

A
  • ineffective airway clearance
  • risk for aspiration
  • impaired gas exchange
  • activity intolerance
39
Q

long term preventative measures

A
  • vaccinations
  • healthy lifestyle
  • environmental and occupational exposures
40
Q

dyspnea management

A
  • difficult to treat
  • treat the underlying condition
  • oxygen therapy
  • pharmacologic treatment
41
Q

airway maintenance

A
  • CAB: circulation, airway, breathing
  • maintaining patent airway is a nursing priority
42
Q

managing pulmonary secretions

A
  • mobilize
  • hydrate
  • humidification
  • medications
43
Q

positioning

A
  • position for maximum respiratory function
  • change frequently
  • helps prevent atelectasis
  • helps mobilize secretions
  • upright, unsupported position is optimal
44
Q

cough and deep breath

A
  • helps keep airways clear
  • nursing intervention
  • cough every 2 hours
  • deep breathing increases air to the lower lobes of the lungs
45
Q

chest physiotherapy

A
  • mobilize pulmonary secretions
46
Q

postural drainage

A
  • lay on unaffected side to promote drainage of one particular lobe
47
Q

chest percussion

A
  • used frequently in those with chronic diseases
  • neuromuscular conditions
  • cystic fibrosis
48
Q

suctioning

A
  • indicated when patients cannot clear secretions on their own through coughing or CPT
49
Q

suctioning

A
  • indicated when patients cannot clear secretions on their own through coughing or CPT
50
Q

incentive spirometer

A
  • promotes lung expansions through deep breathing
  • prevents or treats atelectasis
51
Q

oxygen therapy

A
  • prevent or relieve hypoxia
  • gives oxygen at higher concentration than our ambient air (21%)
  • must have healthcare order to administer
52
Q

oxygen therapy guidelines

A
  • can delegate to CNA to apply nasal cannula, oxygen mask
  • nurse must assess respiratory system, response to therapy, setup, adjustment responses
53
Q

nasal cannula

A
  • 1-6L/min 22-44%
  • safe and well tolerated
  • FiO2 can very, skin breakdown, tubing dislodges
  • use humidification if greater than 4L of flow
54
Q

simple face mask

A
  • 6-12L/min 33-55%
  • best for short periods, transportation
  • not great for claustrophobic patients, skin breakdown, higher risk of aspiration
  • assess for fit, watch for aspiration
55
Q

partial rebreather mask

A
  • FiO2: 6-11 L/min; 60-75%
  • used for short periods of dyspnea or other increased oxygen needs
  • rebreather up to 1/3 of exhaled air
  • helps with humidification
  • keep reservoir bag partially inflated
  • watch for aspiration and assess every hour
56
Q

non-rebreather mask

A
  • higher non-invasive oxygen delivery
  • FiO2: 10-15 L/min; 80-95%
  • best for patient in critical need of oxygen
  • watch for aspiration and assess every hour
57
Q

venturi mask

A
  • FiO2: 4-12 L/min; 24-60%
  • provides the ability to deliver precise oxygen concentration with humidity
  • not preferable for long periods of time
  • used for patients who need highly regulated oxygen concentrations (chronic lung disease)
58
Q

face tent (aerosol mask)

A
  • fits loosely around face and neck
  • 24-100% oxygen
  • provides relatively high humidity
  • post-operative
59
Q

oxygen humidification

A
  • prevents drying out of mucous membranes
  • use with oxygen greater than 4LPM or greater than 24 hours supplemental oxygen
60
Q

complications of oxygen therapy

A
  • drying effects of respiratory mucous membranes
  • oxygen toxicity
  • skin breakdown
61
Q

artificial airway

A
  • inserted in a patient who may or may not be breathing on their own
62
Q

tracheostomy tube

A
  • plastic or metal tube that fits through a stoma in the neck
63
Q

trach indications

A
  • acute airway obstruction
  • airway protection
  • facilitate removal of secretions
  • prolonged intubation
64
Q

shiley trach

A
  • plastic, short-term
  • disposable inner canula, cuff, obturator
65
Q

Jackson trach

A
  • metal, long-term
  • reusable inner canula, no cuff, obturator
66
Q

purpose of trach cuff

A

helps create a snug fit in trachea
- prevent aspiration
- help ventilator give stronger breaths

67
Q

inflated cuffs

A
  • patient mechanically ventilated
  • inflation specifically ordered by physician
68
Q

dangers of prolonged or over-inflation of cuff

A
  • increased mucosal pressure
  • causing ischemia
  • softening cartilage
  • mucosal erosion
69
Q

Passy-muir speaking valve

A
  • cuff is deflated when in use
  • do not use if in respiratory distress
70
Q

nursing problems for patient with a trach

A
  • ineffective airway clearance
  • impaired verbal communication
  • risk for infection
  • impaired swallowing
  • body image disturbance
  • anxiety
  • pain

NUR333 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions