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History 1700 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mayan Civilization

A

-Capital- Teotihuacan
-Southern Mexico & Central Americara
-Fell around 1000 CE (drought)

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2
Q

Aztec Empire

A

-Capital city- Tenochtitlan – 250,000 inhabitants
-Southern Mexico
Search for resources for increasing population – through warfare–1400s to 1500s
- Conquered other tribes and became unified- allowed other tribes to self-govern for tributes
-Gold, amber, pelts, feathers, beans, corn, cacao, cotton, rubber, shells
-Humans – slaves / sacrifice victims

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3
Q

Inca empire

A

Andes Mountains- Chile and Peru- 1400s and 1500s
-Cuzco- capital city
needed.
-Searched for new lands & resorces to sustain population.
-Conquered and relocated other tribes- tributes (corn, potatoes) came in through vast road system

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4
Q

Anasazi Civilization (Puebloans)

A

Southwestern US- Four Corners
-100 CE to 1400 CE
-Built Pueblo Bonita city in New Mexico.
-land degradation & drought in 1300 CE —> collapse of unified civilization-split into individual cities, fought each other for dwindling
resources

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5
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

-Italian trading family, interested in gold (left 100 men)
-endorsed by Queen Isabella of Spain -Landed in the Bahamas, 1492
-3 ships- Nina, pinta, santa maria
-Made 4 total trips to the Americas- thought he reached India

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6
Q

Hernando Cortez

A

Landed in S. Mexico, 1519- Aztec capital city
-Treated like a god by Montezuma II
-United enemies of the Aztecs- destroyed by 1521

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7
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A

Landed in the Inca empire- destroyed w/in a year- 1532

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8
Q

Columbian Exchange

A
  • Between Spain & natives
    -Spain gave animals (Horses, Pigs, Cows, goats, chickens), Foods (Wheat, Rice, Bananas) and disease
    (Smallpox, Measles, Flu)

-Natives gave Foods (potatoes, beans, peanuts, corn, squash, apples, citrus, cocoa, tomatoes), Syphilis, and Silver and Gold

-Potatoes easy for Europeans to grow- prevented famine

-Revolutions in transportation, communication & nutrition

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9
Q

Virginia and Jamestown

A

Named for King James and Elizabeth I - Rulers of England

Sponsored by Virginia Company

-Around 100 men
-Spent time looking for gold instead of planting crops and preparing for winter
-By 1608, only 38 left / 400 in 1609, but 65 left in 1610
-Helped by Chief Powhatan and daughter, Pocahontas in 1608-09

High death rate, poor workers, no women- by 1610 only 65 alive

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10
Q

John Smith

A

“Every man may be the master and owner of his own labor and land”

Established Jamestown, Virginia, 1607- James River, 60 miles inward from Chesapeake bay

Regime of forced labor- “He that will not work, shall not eat”

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11
Q

Headright System + other motivators to stay in Virginia

A

Headright system (1618) 50 Acres for every colonist who paid their way over + 50 extra for everyone along with them

-Marketable commodity – Tobacco. Causes scramble for land and more
immigration

-Company paid women to migrate

-Company allowed for the creation for a House of Burgesses 1619 – a regional legislature (self-government)

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12
Q

House of Burgesses

A

1619- Only freemen could vote- Virginia company / governor had ultimate say

Political Precedent for Democracy in the colonies

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13
Q

Wars in Virginia

A

First Anglo- Powhatan war- 1610- over stolen crops- Pocahontas held hostage- converted to Christianity, married John Rolfe (tobacco exporter)

Peace from 1614- 1622

Second Anglo- Powhatan war- 1622- Powhatan’s brother- Opechancanough led a surprise attack- Eventual English victory

3rd War- 1644- colonists outnumbered Powhatans- forced a treaty moving them to reservations

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14
Q

End of Virginia Company

A

-1624- King James dissolves the company due to war, mismanagement and corruption

-Virginia is made a royal colony – House of Burgesses allowed to stay

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15
Q

Massachusetts & the Puritans

A

Plymouth Colony- Founded by around 100 Separatist Puritans- Plymouth Bay Company, left on the Mayflower in 1620

-KNOWN AS PILGRIMS

-Landed at Massachusetts Bay and signed the Mayflower Compact before
leaving the ship

-Nearly all dead by the first winter- helped by Sqanto and the Wampanoags

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16
Q

Separatist Puritans

A

English Calvinists who sought to separate from the Church of England

John Calvin- Only God leads the church

Calvinism is a branch of Protestantism- Martian Luther

17
Q

Mayflower Compact

A

The compact was chiefly concerned with survival.
-Ensured majority rule-

-Colonists were loyal to the King of England
-Christians who served God
-would make fair and just laws
-would work together for the good of the Colony.

18
Q

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A

Founded by John Winthrop and 1000 non-separatist Puritans, 1630- Landed at Massachusetts Bay

-Ruling body known as the General Court —-> two-
house legislature, Governor and a court

-Economy was run not for profit, but common good

-Founded Boston & Harvard College

-Women and men were spiritual equals. Women could interpret &
teach the bible-could not be leaders; Average woman had 7 children!!

-By 1650s-60s strict Puritanism giving way to merchant / economic domination- Succeeding generations since 1629 were less religious and sought political and economic freedom

19
Q

Great Migration

A

1629 – 1642: 21000 Puritans migrate to New World

-wanted to be an example to Britain and the Church of England- change and purify the C of E

20
Q

Rhode Island Colony

A

Founded by Puritans led by Roger Williams (Banished from Massachusetts)
-Did not agree with other Puritans views of the Church of England
(Massachusetts Bay Colony)

-Williams promoted separation of church and state – religion and government
should be separate

-No official religion, Haven for religious dissenters

-Founded Providence

Colonial Assembly elected twice a year and governor annually

21
Q

Native American and English Views of Land

A

Natives saw land as communal property- not truly bought by English but given permission to use

English saw land as individually bought and owned- led to conflict w/ natives

English also overhunted, built walls (restricting transport) and let livestock roam free.

22
Q

Why did Slavery Develop in the Colonies and why in the South in Particular?

A

-The south had favorable climate and soil for the growth of cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo.) -These crops are very labor-intensive- plantation owners wanted a cheap way to find labor
-Northerners had religious beliefs opposing slavery (Quakers).

23
Q

Colonial Atlantic Trade

A

Disrupted the British Mercantilism system- colonies send materials, Britain sends manufactured goods- colonies reliant on England

Southern colonies - New England - West Indies- New England- West Africa- Southern Colonies

Sugar from SC sent to port- manufactured into molasses in WE- Made to rum in NE - sold in WA- slaves bought and sent to SC

24
Q

The Tea Act

A

1773- Parliament awarded the East India Tea Company a monopoly on tea sale and trade in the colonies

Many tea shippers and merchants lost profit and work

Led to the Boston Tea Party

25
Q

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

A

Boston Port Act- Port closed until EIC had been repaid for lost tea

Quartering Act- Homes & other buildings could be used to house British
troops.

Administration of Justice Act- British officials accused of crimes in colonies tried in Britain

Massachusetts Government Act- Political power in colonies held & all colonial appointments made by the King, town meetings allowed only once a year

26
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Congress- appointed committee- Jefferson, Franklin and Adams

Influenced by the ideas of many people

27
Q

Ideas and People that influenced the Declaration

A

Religious leaders- John Winthrop and Roger Williams

Winthrop- God is in charge, not governments or kings.
Williams- Church and state should be separated.

Philosophers – John Locke, Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacque Rousseau

Locke- Kings do not have absolute power. The people have basic rights of life, liberty and property and can overthrow
government if those rights are threatened. ( People are innately good, they can be trusted. A strong central authority (government) controlling people is not needed.)

Hobbes- People form a contract (agreement) together to create
government. The people give power, not God. (People are bad, they cannot be trusted. A
strong central authority is needed to control people.)
(Quote - “Life is nasty, brutish and short.”)

Rousseau: Agreement between the people to create government is known as a social contract. The social contract
is formed by the people; therefore government works for the
people.

28
Q

Political Philosophy of Republicanism

A

-Majority of Americans had this philosophy

  1. Government must be a Republic; Political authority comes from the people
    -The people can define and limit government power through written
    constitutions
    -People can vote: property owning men–> all taxpaying white men could vote

b. People have right to private property- 60-85% of Americans were private property owners

c. Women are property of fathers, husbands and brothers (if father passes away and she is not married)

29
Q

Articles of Confederation (Problems of)

A

Created by Continental Congress in 1777- ratified by states in 1781

One House Congress. Each state has one vote- Smaller less-populated states have disproportionate
power in lawmaking

Most proposed legislation requires approval of 9 of
13 state-
Most legislation is not passed (a simple majority
would have been much better-7 votes)

Only one branch of government- No judicial or
executive branch
No checks and balances. Legislative abuses are
unchecked

Congress cannot raise an army- Hampered the war effort; once the war was over, states were no longer willing to provide support

Amendments to the Articles requires approval of all state legislatures- Articles were never changed and unable to meet the
needs of the United States

30
Q

The Great Compromise

A

Compromise between the Virginia and New Jersey Plans

Virginia Plan (large state plan)- Congressional representation should be based on population, Congress should consist of two houses (Representatives and Senate), First house elects the second

New Jersey Plan (small state plan)- Congressional representation should be equal- Congress should consist of one house

Compromise:
-Representation based on population in the House of
Representatives (“lower house”)
-Each state has two representatives in the Senate- (“upper house”)

31
Q

Three Fifths Compromise

A

-Result of the Great Compromise

-States with low population found fault with the Great Compromise -threatened passage of the Constitution

-Less populous states in the South/ More populous in the North; North would have more representation in the House

-South feared northern domination of national economy/ north illegalizing slavery

-Each slave counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of
representation

32
Q

Federalism vs. Anti-Federalism on Bill of Rights

A

The Federalists - Did not want a Bill of Rights
-Bill of rights not needed since government only has expressed power
-All the rights the people need all already in the Constitution
-Feared the naming of specific rights would lead an all-powerful
government to take away any rights not specifically named

Anti-Federalists- wanted a Bill of Rights
-Bill of Rights would defend against abuse of implied power
-A Bill of Rights would defend citizens from an all-powerful government

33
Q

Jeffersonian Republicans

A

Thomas Jefferson, President 1800-1808- Founded Democratic- Republican Party/Jeffersonian Republicans. Largely antifederalists

  1. Agrarian Republic
    -Farmers are the epitome of liberty for democracy
    -Spread out
  2. Weak national government
    -Weak President, Congress and Courts
    -A large republic would be difficult for a strong national government to control.
    -Strong states
  3. Economic Equality
    - Farmers will not be threatened by elites
    - Expansion
    -Big nation = more land for farms and liberty
  4. Slavery OK
    - This issue unified farmers and white men in general
  5. Low Spending and Taxes
    -This would stop the growth of a national government
  6. Low US Debt
    o Small and weak national government would not spend and borrow

History 1700 (6 decks)

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