exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two connected parts of the human respiratory system?
A
- rib cage
- vertebral column
2
Q
What is an SLP?
A
healthcare professionals who identify, assess, and treat speech and language problems as well as swallowing disorders
3
Q
Settings SLPs can work in
A
- private practices
- physicians’ offices
- hospitals
- schools
- colleges and universities
- rehabilitation centers
- long-term and residential health care facilities
4
Q
More than half of slps are employed in what setting?
A
educational setting (early intervention and k-12 schools)
5
Q
More than 1/3 of slps are employed in what setting
A
healthcare setting
6
Q
What is the job outlook for SLPs
A
expected to grow 25%
7
Q
What are audiologists?
A
specialize in preventing and assessing hearing and balance disorders as well as providing audiological treatment such as hearing aids
8
Q
What settings can audiologists wok in?
A
- hospitals
- rehabilitation centers
- private practive
- schools
- colleges
9
Q
audiology growth rate
A
13%
10
Q
what are speech, language, and hearing scientists?
A
professionals who investigate the biological, physical, and psychological processes of communication and develop evidence-based methods for treating
11
Q
What is Evidence Based Practice (EBP)?
A
integration of clinical expertise (SLP, Au.D), evidence, and client/patient/caregiver perspectives
12
Q
You got this
A
13
Q
What is communication?
A
Active process of exchanging information and ideas
14
Q
Speech
A
sounds of a spoken language system
15
Q
Language
A
System of words and symbols either written, spoken, or gestured
16
Q
Three aspects of speech
A
articulation, voice, fluency
17
Q
articulation
A
how we make speech sounds using the mouth, lips, and tongue
18
Q
voice
A
how we use our vocal fold and breath to make sounds
19
Q
fluency
A
rhythm of our speech
20
Q
5 big areas of language?
A
- semantics
- syntax
- morphology
- phonology
- pragmatics
21
Q
semantics
A
vocabulary words and meaning
22
Q
syntax
A
how we combine words to form sentences (grammar)
23
Q
morphology
A
How parts of words create meaning by combining or standing alone
24
Q
morpheme
A
smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning
25
free morphemes
can stand alone and carry meaning
26
bound morphemes
cannot stand alone and carry meaning (prefix and suffix)
27
phonology
how we combine speech sounds into a word
28
phonemes
individual speech sounds
29
pragmatics
how we use language in everyday convo
30
what is the content sector of language?
Semantics
31
What are the three parts of the ear?
outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
32
communication disorders
An impairment in the ability to receive, send, process and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal and graphic symbol systems
33
speech sound disorders
impairment in articulation and/or phonology
34
Articulation disorder
- Struggle with articulating the phonemes (sounds) present in the language(s) that they speak
- typically have intact phonological processing
35
Phonological disorder
- Issues with applying phonological rules to combine phonemes into appropriate words
- typically can articulate sounds correctly
36
Fluency disorder
difficulty using smooth and easy flowing speech
37
Voice disorders
difficulty with voice quality, pitch, intensity, and resonance
38
language disorders
Difficulty with receptive or expressive language in any language area
39
receptive language
comprehension of spoken language
40
expressive language
language that is produced
41
acquired language disorder
result of insult, injury, or disease in the brain
42
developmental language disorder
result of neurological differences
43
Hearing loss in children can lead to
- Delayed speech and language skills
- Learning problems in school
- Having trouble making friends
44
Hearing loss in adults can lead to
- Psychosocial Disorders (anxiety, depression)
- Lack of employment/promotion
- Risk of Dementia
45
Conductive vs. sensorineural hearing loss
conductive - sounds are obstructed by something in the outer and middle ear
sensorineural - issues with the inner ear or the neural pathways
46
parts of the vocal tract
abdomen, respiratory, laryngeal, pharyngeal, nasal and velopharyngeal, tongue, mandibular, orofacial region and dentition
47
differentiation of cry
learning to regulate breath and larynx
48
suck
integrate lip, tongue, laryngeal, and respiratory systems
49
babble
takes on phonetic characteristics of parent language
50
Why is intelligible speech a challenge?
physical structures and connections among vocal tract subsystems are changing
51
What is it about the vocal tract anatomy that makes it so hard to learn to regulate?
vocal tract is a long, stretchy tube with flexible chambers paced every so often
52
What is the central principle of speech production?
shape changes result in sound changes
53
How does resonance arise?
the interaction of physical features of a system and applied energy into the system
54
source-filter theory of speech production
energy from the sound source (vocal fold vibration) is modified (filtered) by the resonance feature of the vocal tract. The vocal tracts shape operates to filter the radiating frequency energy produced by the vocal folds
55
What do you need during speech production?
process whereby air can be put under pressure and released in a controlled manner
56
What do aerodynamic forces do?
displace structures, create pressure behind valves, and generate flows through constrictions in the upper airway
57
Prosodic features
stress and loudness, intonation and pitch, and rate
58
Laryngeal system structure
Inter-related series of muscles, ligaments, cartilages and I bone
59
Laryngeal biological function
primarily to rapidly and securely protect the airway into the trachea
secondarily, vocalization and sound source production center
60
Laryngeal general operation
open/close the glottis and regulate tension of the vocal folds that run over the opening of the airway
61
What is the cause of changes in voice quality?
generation of lung pressures, how fast vocal folds vibrate, shape of the vocal tract above the glottis (opening between the folds)
62
Why does vocal fold tissue change their stiffness?
to adjust pitch and loudness of vocalizations
63
What do vocal folds act as?
regulating valve, interrupting and controlling the release of pressurized air from the lungs
64
Pharynx
muscular tube that can change its cross-section diameter
65
velopharyngeal port
- "The hidden valve"
- VP modifies the degree of coupling between the nasopharynx and the rest of the vocal tract
66
Functional dynamics of Velopharyngeal System
Separates the vocal tract into upper and lower segments for nasal sounds and non-nasal sounds
highly synchronous and rapid activity
67
What does inadequate close of VP mechanism result in?
nasalized speech
inability to generate oral pressures for the production of certain sounds
68
Speech functions of the lingual system
modify the overall shape and acoustic resonance mouth
acts as a valve to stop airflow and build up pressure for plosive sounds
restricts airflow producing strident and fricatives
69
What is an example of a muscular hydrostat?
tongue
70
Muscular hydrostat
organ that lacks a rigid skeleton, maintains constant volume and changes shape in 3 dimensions
71
mandibular system function
prime support for lower lip and tongue movements
during speech, frequent co-activation of jaw closers with openers stabilizes movement of the jaw
72
Behaviors of 0-6 months prelinguistic stage
cooing, vegetative sounds, laughter, social smile, awareness of sounds, turns toward name, responds to familiar people
73
behaviors of 7-12 months prelinguistic stage
intentional communication. babble and vocal play with strings of sounds, communicates with babbling and gestures begins to use single words
74
What is the major milestone in 7-12 months prelinguistic stage?
first word by first birthday
75
Behaviors of infants and toddlers 12-24 months
understands more than says, makes comments and requests, coordinates eye gaze with communication, combines gestures and words to add meaning
76
What is the 1st major milestone for 12-24 months old?
20-50 words by 18 months
77
What are the major milestones of 3-4 years old?
answers simple "wh" questions and follows multi-part requests
78
air conduction
sound sent to the inner ear by way of outer and middle ear
79
bone conduction
sound sent to inner ear by way of skull vibrations
80
Etiology
cause of hearing loss
81
congenital hearing loss
hearing loss present at birth
82
acquired hearing loss
hearing loss that occurs after birth
83
peripheral auditory system
outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
84
central auditory system
brainstem and auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
85
What does the outer ear consist of?
Pinna (Auricle) and the External Auditory Canal (Meatus).
86
ceruminous glands function
secrete antibacterial/antifungal wax
87
tympanic membrane function
Separates the External and Middle Ear Anatomy
-Divided into the Pars Flaccida and Pars Tensa
-Umbo is the point of attachment to the mallelus
-Pars Tensa is well-suited for sound-induced vibrations into the ME
88
ossicular chain function
Connects TM (tympanic membrane) to the oval window of the cochlea
-Manubrium (handle) of malleus attaches to medial side of the TM.
-Stapes footplate is sealed to the oval window and vibration of OC creates the wavelike motion necessary to stimulate the cochlea
89
acoustic reflex
contraction of muscles in response to loud sounds stiffens the ossicular chain preventing noise damage to the cochlea.
90
Wernickle
Understanding speech
91
brocas
producing speech
92
What is the range humans can hear?
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
93
misconceptions of audiology
just do audiograms and handed them to ENTs, thought ENTs fit hearing aids and did cochlear implants, didn't realize audiologists did all the diagnostic and vestibular testing
94
pattern of formants
distinguishes one phoneme from another
95
What dictates the sound you hear?
formant frequencies
96
audiogram
graphical representation of hearing sensitivity
97
What formants are of interest in the most typical speech science and speech perception applications?
the lowest three formants
98
When does speech-related developmental events take place?
prenatally and during infancy
99
Inspiration
- external intercostals contract
- Diaphragm contracts
- chest wall and lungs expand
100
Expiration
- external intercostals relax
- diaphragm relaxes
- chest cavity and lungs contract
101
How many cranial nerves does a human have?
12
102
How many spinal nerves does a human have?
31
103
Gyrus
Raised portion of the brain
104
Sulcus
Grooves between the gyrus
105
Fissure
Grooves deeper than the gyrus
106
Omission
Phoneme deleted from a word
107
substitution
one phoneme is substituted for another phoneme
108
Additions
Phoneme is added to a word that should not occur
109
Distortion
mispronounces a sound or slurs words
110
What kind of damage may destabilize blood pressure, heart rate, thirst, hunger, body temperature, sleep, emotional activity, weight control, emotions, sleep cycles, and childbirth?
Damage to the hypothalamus
111
Eustachian Tube
Drains bacteria; equalizes air pressure between atmosphere and middle ear
112
Vocal fold abduction
Muscles bring vocal folds apart: apart for breathing
113
Vocal folds adduction
Muscles bring vocal folds together: closes when eating or swallowing so nothing gets into the airway
114
Parts of the larynx
- epiglottis
- false ribs
- true vocal folds
- laryngeal ventricle
115
Larynx is at the crossroad of
respiratory and digestive tracts
116
Forced breathing
– Accessory muscles pull down the ribs
– Abdominal muscles pull down the ribs, push in the
abdominal contents and diaphragm
117
Upper respiratory tract includes
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
118
Lower respiratory tract includes
(Pulmonary airways) – Trachea, bronchi, lungs (3 right lobes, 2 left lobes)
119
2 types of information carrying fibers
– Sensory (afferent): From end organs to CNS
– Motor (efferent): From CNS to muscles
120
What is classified under content?
Semantics
121
What is classified under use?
Pragmatics
122
What is classified under form?
- phonology
- morphology
- syntax
