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CSD 277 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two connected parts of the human respiratory system?

A
  • rib cage
  • vertebral column
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2
Q

What is an SLP?

A

healthcare professionals who identify, assess, and treat speech and language problems as well as swallowing disorders

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3
Q

Settings SLPs can work in

A
  • private practices
  • physicians’ offices
  • hospitals
  • schools
  • colleges and universities
  • rehabilitation centers
  • long-term and residential health care facilities
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4
Q

More than half of slps are employed in what setting?

A

educational setting (early intervention and k-12 schools)

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5
Q

More than 1/3 of slps are employed in what setting

A

healthcare setting

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6
Q

What is the job outlook for SLPs

A

expected to grow 25%

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7
Q

What are audiologists?

A

specialize in preventing and assessing hearing and balance disorders as well as providing audiological treatment such as hearing aids

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8
Q

What settings can audiologists wok in?

A
  • hospitals
  • rehabilitation centers
  • private practive
  • schools
  • colleges
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9
Q

audiology growth rate

A

13%

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10
Q

what are speech, language, and hearing scientists?

A

professionals who investigate the biological, physical, and psychological processes of communication and develop evidence-based methods for treating

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11
Q

What is Evidence Based Practice (EBP)?

A

integration of clinical expertise (SLP, Au.D), evidence, and client/patient/caregiver perspectives

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12
Q

You got this

A
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13
Q

What is communication?

A

Active process of exchanging information and ideas

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14
Q

Speech

A

sounds of a spoken language system

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15
Q

Language

A

System of words and symbols either written, spoken, or gestured

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16
Q

Three aspects of speech

A

articulation, voice, fluency

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17
Q

articulation

A

how we make speech sounds using the mouth, lips, and tongue

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18
Q

voice

A

how we use our vocal fold and breath to make sounds

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19
Q

fluency

A

rhythm of our speech

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20
Q

5 big areas of language?

A
  • semantics
  • syntax
  • morphology
  • phonology
  • pragmatics
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21
Q

semantics

A

vocabulary words and meaning

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22
Q

syntax

A

how we combine words to form sentences (grammar)

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23
Q

morphology

A

How parts of words create meaning by combining or standing alone

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24
Q

morpheme

A

smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning

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25
Q

free morphemes

A

can stand alone and carry meaning

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26
Q

bound morphemes

A

cannot stand alone and carry meaning (prefix and suffix)

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27
Q

phonology

A

how we combine speech sounds into a word

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28
Q

phonemes

A

individual speech sounds

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29
Q

pragmatics

A

how we use language in everyday convo

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30
Q

what is the content sector of language?

A

Semantics

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31
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

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32
Q

communication disorders

A

An impairment in the ability to receive, send, process and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal and graphic symbol systems

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33
Q

speech sound disorders

A

impairment in articulation and/or phonology

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34
Q

Articulation disorder

A
  • Struggle with articulating the phonemes (sounds) present in the language(s) that they speak
  • typically have intact phonological processing
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35
Q

Phonological disorder

A
  • Issues with applying phonological rules to combine phonemes into appropriate words
  • typically can articulate sounds correctly
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36
Q

Fluency disorder

A

difficulty using smooth and easy flowing speech

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37
Q

Voice disorders

A

difficulty with voice quality, pitch, intensity, and resonance

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38
Q

language disorders

A

Difficulty with receptive or expressive language in any language area

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39
Q

receptive language

A

comprehension of spoken language

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40
Q

expressive language

A

language that is produced

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41
Q

acquired language disorder

A

result of insult, injury, or disease in the brain

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42
Q

developmental language disorder

A

result of neurological differences

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43
Q

Hearing loss in children can lead to

A
  • Delayed speech and language skills
  • Learning problems in school
  • Having trouble making friends
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44
Q

Hearing loss in adults can lead to

A
  • Psychosocial Disorders (anxiety, depression)
  • Lack of employment/promotion
  • Risk of Dementia
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45
Q

Conductive vs. sensorineural hearing loss

A

conductive - sounds are obstructed by something in the outer and middle ear

sensorineural - issues with the inner ear or the neural pathways

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46
Q

parts of the vocal tract

A

abdomen, respiratory, laryngeal, pharyngeal, nasal and velopharyngeal, tongue, mandibular, orofacial region and dentition

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47
Q

differentiation of cry

A

learning to regulate breath and larynx

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48
Q

suck

A

integrate lip, tongue, laryngeal, and respiratory systems

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49
Q

babble

A

takes on phonetic characteristics of parent language

50
Q

Why is intelligible speech a challenge?

A

physical structures and connections among vocal tract subsystems are changing

51
Q

What is it about the vocal tract anatomy that makes it so hard to learn to regulate?

A

vocal tract is a long, stretchy tube with flexible chambers paced every so often

52
Q

What is the central principle of speech production?

A

shape changes result in sound changes

53
Q

How does resonance arise?

A

the interaction of physical features of a system and applied energy into the system

54
Q

source-filter theory of speech production

A

energy from the sound source (vocal fold vibration) is modified (filtered) by the resonance feature of the vocal tract. The vocal tracts shape operates to filter the radiating frequency energy produced by the vocal folds

55
Q

What do you need during speech production?

A

process whereby air can be put under pressure and released in a controlled manner

56
Q

What do aerodynamic forces do?

A

displace structures, create pressure behind valves, and generate flows through constrictions in the upper airway

57
Q

Prosodic features

A

stress and loudness, intonation and pitch, and rate

58
Q

Laryngeal system structure

A

Inter-related series of muscles, ligaments, cartilages and I bone

59
Q

Laryngeal biological function

A

primarily to rapidly and securely protect the airway into the trachea
secondarily, vocalization and sound source production center

60
Q

Laryngeal general operation

A

open/close the glottis and regulate tension of the vocal folds that run over the opening of the airway

61
Q

What is the cause of changes in voice quality?

A

generation of lung pressures, how fast vocal folds vibrate, shape of the vocal tract above the glottis (opening between the folds)

62
Q

Why does vocal fold tissue change their stiffness?

A

to adjust pitch and loudness of vocalizations

63
Q

What do vocal folds act as?

A

regulating valve, interrupting and controlling the release of pressurized air from the lungs

64
Q

Pharynx

A

muscular tube that can change its cross-section diameter

65
Q

velopharyngeal port

A
  • “The hidden valve”
  • VP modifies the degree of coupling between the nasopharynx and the rest of the vocal tract
66
Q

Functional dynamics of Velopharyngeal System

A

Separates the vocal tract into upper and lower segments for nasal sounds and non-nasal sounds
highly synchronous and rapid activity

67
Q

What does inadequate close of VP mechanism result in?

A

nasalized speech
inability to generate oral pressures for the production of certain sounds

68
Q

Speech functions of the lingual system

A

modify the overall shape and acoustic resonance mouth
acts as a valve to stop airflow and build up pressure for plosive sounds
restricts airflow producing strident and fricatives

69
Q

What is an example of a muscular hydrostat?

A

tongue

70
Q

Muscular hydrostat

A

organ that lacks a rigid skeleton, maintains constant volume and changes shape in 3 dimensions

71
Q

mandibular system function

A

prime support for lower lip and tongue movements
during speech, frequent co-activation of jaw closers with openers stabilizes movement of the jaw

72
Q

Behaviors of 0-6 months prelinguistic stage

A

cooing, vegetative sounds, laughter, social smile, awareness of sounds, turns toward name, responds to familiar people

73
Q

behaviors of 7-12 months prelinguistic stage

A

intentional communication. babble and vocal play with strings of sounds, communicates with babbling and gestures begins to use single words

74
Q

What is the major milestone in 7-12 months prelinguistic stage?

A

first word by first birthday

75
Q

Behaviors of infants and toddlers 12-24 months

A

understands more than says, makes comments and requests, coordinates eye gaze with communication, combines gestures and words to add meaning

76
Q

What is the 1st major milestone for 12-24 months old?

A

20-50 words by 18 months

77
Q

What are the major milestones of 3-4 years old?

A

answers simple “wh” questions and follows multi-part requests

78
Q

air conduction

A

sound sent to the inner ear by way of outer and middle ear

79
Q

bone conduction

A

sound sent to inner ear by way of skull vibrations

80
Q

Etiology

A

cause of hearing loss

81
Q

congenital hearing loss

A

hearing loss present at birth

82
Q

acquired hearing loss

A

hearing loss that occurs after birth

83
Q

peripheral auditory system

A

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

84
Q

central auditory system

A

brainstem and auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

85
Q

What does the outer ear consist of?

A

Pinna (Auricle) and the External Auditory Canal (Meatus).

86
Q

ceruminous glands function

A

secrete antibacterial/antifungal wax

87
Q

tympanic membrane function

A

Separates the External and Middle Ear Anatomy
-Divided into the Pars Flaccida and Pars Tensa
-Umbo is the point of attachment to the mallelus
-Pars Tensa is well-suited for sound-induced vibrations into the ME

88
Q

ossicular chain function

A

Connects TM (tympanic membrane) to the oval window of the cochlea
-Manubrium (handle) of malleus attaches to medial side of the TM.
-Stapes footplate is sealed to the oval window and vibration of OC creates the wavelike motion necessary to stimulate the cochlea

89
Q

acoustic reflex

A

contraction of muscles in response to loud sounds stiffens the ossicular chain preventing noise damage to the cochlea.

90
Q

Wernickle

A

Understanding speech

91
Q

brocas

A

producing speech

92
Q

What is the range humans can hear?

A

20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

93
Q

misconceptions of audiology

A

just do audiograms and handed them to ENTs, thought ENTs fit hearing aids and did cochlear implants, didn’t realize audiologists did all the diagnostic and vestibular testing

94
Q

pattern of formants

A

distinguishes one phoneme from another

95
Q

What dictates the sound you hear?

A

formant frequencies

96
Q

audiogram

A

graphical representation of hearing sensitivity

97
Q

What formants are of interest in the most typical speech science and speech perception applications?

A

the lowest three formants

98
Q

When does speech-related developmental events take place?

A

prenatally and during infancy

99
Q

Inspiration

A
  • external intercostals contract
  • Diaphragm contracts
  • chest wall and lungs expand
100
Q

Expiration

A
  • external intercostals relax
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • chest cavity and lungs contract
101
Q

How many cranial nerves does a human have?

A

12

102
Q

How many spinal nerves does a human have?

A

31

103
Q

Gyrus

A

Raised portion of the brain

104
Q

Sulcus

A

Grooves between the gyrus

105
Q

Fissure

A

Grooves deeper than the gyrus

106
Q

Omission

A

Phoneme deleted from a word

107
Q

substitution

A

one phoneme is substituted for another phoneme

108
Q

Additions

A

Phoneme is added to a word that should not occur

109
Q

Distortion

A

mispronounces a sound or slurs words

110
Q

What kind of damage may destabilize blood pressure, heart rate, thirst, hunger, body temperature, sleep, emotional activity, weight control, emotions, sleep cycles, and childbirth?

A

Damage to the hypothalamus

111
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

Drains bacteria; equalizes air pressure between atmosphere and middle ear

112
Q

Vocal fold abduction

A

Muscles bring vocal folds apart: apart for breathing

113
Q

Vocal folds adduction

A

Muscles bring vocal folds together: closes when eating or swallowing so nothing gets into the airway

114
Q

Parts of the larynx

A
  • epiglottis
  • false ribs
  • true vocal folds
  • laryngeal ventricle
115
Q

Larynx is at the crossroad of

A

respiratory and digestive tracts

116
Q

Forced breathing

A

– Accessory muscles pull down the ribs
– Abdominal muscles pull down the ribs, push in the
abdominal contents and diaphragm

117
Q

Upper respiratory tract includes

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

118
Q

Lower respiratory tract includes

A

(Pulmonary airways) – Trachea, bronchi, lungs (3 right lobes, 2 left lobes)

119
Q

2 types of information carrying fibers

A

– Sensory (afferent): From end organs to CNS
– Motor (efferent): From CNS to muscles

120
Q

What is classified under content?

A

Semantics

121
Q

What is classified under use?

A

Pragmatics

122
Q

What is classified under form?

A
  • phonology
  • morphology
  • syntax

CSD 277 (6 decks)

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