ACTUAL REST

Question 1

What is research?

Answer 1

Contributing new knowledge
Solving problems that impact society

Question 2

How do we know what works?

Answer 2

The CSD field is DEPENDENT on Evidence Based Practice
EBP = combination of clinical expertise, client perspectives, and the most up to date specific evidence

Question 3

Why do research?

Answer 3

Positively impact our patient’s lives at local, state, national, and global levels
Patient stories and experiences often drive our passion

Question 4

How do we judge the credibility of an article?

Answer 4

For data to be considered scientific evidence, it must go through peer-review process
Articles, blogs, etc. don’t go through this, thus not treated as credible

Question 5

What are the steps in developing research projects?

Answer 5

Starts with curiosity
One project will often lead to another
What is the story telling us?
Find unexpected findings
Future directions
Recommendations

Question 6

Why is there a shortage of researchers?

Answer 6

A PhD is required
Time commitment in pursuing a PhD
Starting a family
Retirements
How bad? 408 PhD-level full time CSD openings between 2021 and 2017, 279 PhD students eligible for faculty openings

Question 7

What does automaticity mean?

Answer 7

Ability to perform a task with minimal cognitive effort

Question 8

What are current approaches for automaticity assessment?

Answer 8

Performance based
Assess patient’s vocal and speech performance with cognitively demanding tasks
Read aloud vs. spontaneous conversational speech
Cognitively challenging tasks
Simultaneously engage in manual tasks

Question 9

What are cognitive load measurement methods?

Answer 9

Self-reports: perceived mental effort (e.g., NASA task load index)
Behavioral methods: secondary-task reaction time
Psychophysiological methods: Pupillometry, galvanic skin response, heart rate, fNIRS, fMRI

Question 10

What are the implications for voice therapy?

Answer 10

Recognize cognitive demand posed by therapy techniques
- Voice and speech modification tasks, even a simple technique like clear speech, are cognitively demanding

Consider environmental factors
The acoustic environment can significantly affect a patient’s cognitive load

For monitoring automaticity development
Vocal and speech performance alone may not sufficiently indicate the development of automaticity
A multi-faceted approach, integrating cognitive load measurement, MAY better track progress and readiness for discharge

Methodological developments
Much work is needed to establish methods for measuring cognitive load that are specific and practical for voice therapy
Consider both adapting existing tools and potentially developing new ones that are fit for clinical use

Question 11

What are the benefits for undergraduate research?

Answer 11

Contribute to the greater good
Learn new skills
Find your passion
Build a competitive graduate school application
Build working relationships with CSD faculty
Network

Question 12

What do professors look for?

Answer 12

Send a professional introductory email
Demonstrate interest
Do some reading on the research topic and develop specific questions for the professor/PhD student
Be dependable
Show up on time
Be prepared
Meet deadlines

Question 13

True or False: You have to pay for your PhD program

Answer 13

TRUE AND FALSE

Question 14

True or False: Doing PhD is only for super smart people

Answer 14

FALSE

Question 15

True or False: Admission to PhD programs is competitive

Answer 15

TRUE (50%)

Question 16

True or False: You can’t complete your CFY during a PhD program

Answer 16

FALSE

Question 17

True or False: You have no life as a PhD student

Answer 17

FALSE

Question 18

True or False: You don’t have to be picky about your PhD mentor

Answer 18

FALSE

Question 19

True or False: You cannot talk to the current PhD students before entering the program

Answer 19

FALSE

Question 20

True or False: PhDs only do research

Answer 20

FALSE

Question 21

True or False: You should only do a PhD so people have to call you doctor

Answer 21

FALSE

Question 22

True or False: You cannot conduct research as a clinician

Answer 22

FALSE

Question 23

Pre-K early warning signs for dyslexia

Answer 23

• trouble learning common nursery rhymes
• difficulty learning the letters in the alphabet
• mispronounces familiar words

Question 24

Self-report pros and cons

Answer 24

Pros: easy to administer, cost-effective; direct insight into participants perceived efforts

cons: can be biased by participants self-awareness or willingness to report accurately

Question 25

behavioral method pros and cons

Answer 25

pros: objective; quantifiable; sensitive to moment-to-moment changes in cognitive load

cons: can be influenced by motor or perceptual speed unrelated to cognitive load; requires careful task design to isolate cognitive load efforts

Question 26

psychophysiological method pros and cons

Answer 26

pros: sensitive to subconscious responses; can provide continuous monitoring of cognitive load

cons: often requires expensive equipment; more complex to administer and interpret; can be affected by extraneous physiological or environmental factors

Question 27

Frontal Lobe

Answer 27

Executive functions: Decision-making, planning, problem-solving, and reasoning.

Voluntary movement: Controls movement via the motor cortex.

Language: Includes Broca’s area (important for speech production).

Personality and behavior: Regulates emotions, impulse control, and social interactions.

Question 28

Parietal Lobe

Answer 28

Sensory processing: Interprets touch, pressure, pain, and temperature via the somatosensory cortex.

Spatial awareness: Helps you understand your position in space and navigate the environment.

Coordination: Integrates sensory input for movement and perception.

Question 29

Temporal Lobe

Answer 29

Hearing and auditory processing: Interprets sounds and speech.

Memory: Includes the hippocampus, critical for forming long-term memories.

Language comprehension: Includes Wernicke’s area (understanding speech and language).

Emotion: Processes emotions and facial recognition.

Question 30

Occipital Lobe

Answer 30

Vision: Processes visual information, including color, shape, and motion.

Visual recognition: Identifies objects and interprets visual stimuli.