Exam 1 Flashcards
prehistoric/ancient times
used trephination and exorcism to rid people of evil spirits
Greco-Roman
rise of science, mental illness caused by physical illness
middle ages (500-1500 AD)
fall of roman empire, back to evil spirits and exorcism
renaissance (14-16 centuries)
emphasis on human welfare - rise of asylums
European Reform Movement (2)
Pinel: treatment + moral guidance
Quaker: all european countries must have asylum
American Reform Movement (3)
-Benjamin Rush credited w/ psych movement
-asylums provide peace/quiet as treatment
-Dorthea Dix initiated reforms/mental hygiene
Late 19-20th centuries
began to recognize/treat mental illness
-understanding of biological illness
-Freud
Deinstitutionalization
-brought on by drugs/nationalization
-was the destructure of asylums
Results of deinstitutionalization (2)
-overprescription of drugs
-spike in homelessness/imprisonment
abnormal psychology (def)
describing, explaining, controlling behaviors considered abnormal
abnormal behavior includes… (5)
1) personal distress
2) psycho dysfunction
3) deviance
4) dangerousness
5) costliness to society
The 4 Ds
1) dysfunction
2) distress
3) deviance
4) dangerousness
Dysfunction
symptoms interfere w/ the ability to live their desired life (thoughts/emotions)
Distress
symptoms are bothersome to individual (behaviors)
Deviance
behaviors not within the average or cultural/social norms
Dangerousness
put individual at risk of hurting themselves or others
-exception not the rule
epidemiology
scientific study or frequency/causes of diseases in specific populations
-measured by prevalence, incidence, comorbidity
Prevalence + 3 types
percent of people in a population w/ a psycho. disorder
-calculate # of cases divided by # of people in population
Types: point, period, lifetime
Point Prevalence
proportion of population w/ a psycho. disorder at a specific time
(ex. who has this right now?)
Period Prevalence
proportion of population w/ a psycho. disorder during a given time frame
(ex. who had this btwn then and now)
Lifetime Prevalence
proportion of a population w/ a psycho. disorder during their lifespan
(have they ever had it?)
Incidence
number of new cases in a population over a specific period
Comorbidity
when 2 or more disorders occur at one time
-45% of ppl with one disorder meet the criteria for a 2nd
Etiology
cause of a disorder
Prognosis
anticipated course a disorder will take
Course
pattern a disorder takes (acute, chronic, time-limited)
Treatment
smth to help mediate the affects of a disorder
-specific to every disorder
Stigma
when negative stereotyping, labeling, rejecting, and loss of status occur based upon a characteristic of a person
Public Stigma
societal members discriminate against ppl w/ a diagnosis bc of stereotypes
Label Avoidance
ppl avoid treatment bc they don’t want to be negatively labeled
Self-Stigma
when ppl w/ a psycho disorder internalize public stigma
Courtesy Stigma
when stigma impacts those who are associated with the diagnosed person
4 results of psycho. disorders
1) increased risk of physical health issues
2) care taking costs ($)
3) disability leading to depression
4) increased homelessness/incarceration
Research Methods (RM) Basics
-clinical research follows the same basis as scientific research, uses scientific method
-3 cardinal rules: observational, experimentation, measurement
Naturalistic/Lab Observation (RM)
studies specific behaviors in the natural environment or lab setting
Case Studies
in-depth study of individual or small group
Surveys/self report
(ex) patient health questionnaire
-must consider socially desired response (under-reporting)
Correlational
assesses strength/direction of a relationship btwn 2 variables
-negative 1 = perfectly inverse relationship
-zero = no relationship
-positive 1 = perfect relationship
Experiments
manipulate one variable (IV) to investigate the other (DV)
Single subject design
stronger evidence than case studies - measures behavior before/after intervention
Behavioral Genetics
studies relationship btwn genetics/environment
-determines individual differences
-includes family, twin, adoption studies
Epigenetics
heritable changes in the expression of genes
-not caused by actual DNA sequence but by environmental exposure
Main problem and goal of clinical research
Problem: lacks representative/diverse samples
Goal: make research translational
Purposes of a Model (3)
-represent an object
-used to imitate, study, and understand disorders
-can be helpful in coming up with a treatment
Uni-Dimensional Model
model disorders assuming there is a single cause
Multi-Dimensional Model
model disorders assuming there are multiple causes attributing to its development
Biological Model
psycho disorders are caused by malfunctions in the body/brain
Psychodynamic Model
disorders are a result of trauma in childhood (Freud)
-includes levels of unconscious and ID, Ego, and Superego
Id, Ego, Superego
Id: unconscious pleasure principle, no morals, requires instant gratification
Ego: mediates desires or Id and reason of Superego
Superego: attempts to meet all of societies standards
Main Freud need to know
past experience impacts present unconscious thoughts/behaviors
Behavioral Model
behaviors associated with disorders can be learned from/maintained
-classical/operant conditioning
Classical Conditioning
occurs when a specific stimulus is associated with a response
-ex. dog drools when a bell rings bc it associates the bell with being fed
Operant Conditioning
learning process uses rewards/punishment to modify voluntary but desired behavior
-positive reinforcement: increases desired behavior
-negative reinforcement: decreases undesired behavior
Cognitive Model
people create their own problems by how they interpret the world around them
Multicultural Model (3 suggestions)
1) European/American perspectives oh psychopathology emphasize individual problems too much (should be group issues)
2) Pathology may reside in the social system, not individuals (ex. racism)
3) Clinicians need to eliminate social problems that cause distress as treatment
Sociocultural Model
focuses on societal/cultural factors that impact pathology (ex. gender, social status, environment)
Biopsychosocial Model
disorders are triggered by a mix of biology, psychological, and societal factors
Examples
-Bio: genes
-Psycho: Conditioned responses/repressed memories
-Social: family issues, racism
Diathesis Stress Model
any biological/psychological predisposition for a psycho. disorder combined w/ stress will trigger the disorder and it will begin to affect the individual
Clinical Assessment (CA) (definition and good factors - 3)
(def) collecting info/drawing conclusions based on observations/tests performed by clinician - can help determine diagnosis and treatment
1) Reliability 2) Validity 3) Standardization
Reliability
consistency of an assessment
Validity (4 types)
(def) accuracy of an assessment
1) Construct: measure what we say we will
2) Concurrent: measures compare to existing validated measures
3) Face: subject is aware of what we are measuring
4) Predictive: does the test do its job?
Standardization
(def) establishing/following the standards of evaluating the scores (same process each time)
-follows rules and established norms
Clinical Interview (3 types)
(def) face-to-face where observer collects data on patient
1) structured: ask set questions, establish diagnosis
2) semistructured: mix of the other 2
3) unstructured: not as accurate in diagnosis, flexible
Personality Assessment
-MMPI-3 gets a broad measure of psychopathology
-personality tests
Cognitive Assessment
intelligence/IQ tests
-wechsler scale
Behavioral Assessment (3 types)
(def) uses learning theory to understand behavior
1) Functional assessment: measure target behavior; determines if excess or deficit of it
2) Self Monitoring: individual tracks occurrence of target behaviors
3) Behavioral Observation: measures naturally occurring behavior
Psychophysiological Tests
measures brain structure, function, and nervous system
-EEG: diagnose sleep problems
-Neuroimaging: understand brain structure
Clinical Diagnosis (def & elements - 3)
(def) use assessment data to match symptoms with disorder in DSM
1) meets criteria
2) subtypes (qualifiers)
3) specifiers (severity)
Principle Diagnosis
‘main’ diagnosis; reason patient sought treatment
Provisional Diagnosis
temporary or expected diagnosis - patient presents symptoms that require more observation to be sure of a principle diagnosis
Treatment (def)
-aka psychotherapy
(def) any service provided by a professional that uses interactions to assess, diagnose, or treat dysfunctional behavior
Mood Disorders (def, 2 requirements for diagnosis)
(def) broad term for smaller categories of disorders within the DSM
1) symptoms cause significant distress/impairment to day to day function
2) episode is NOT attributable to effects of substances
Criteria needed for BOTH depressive disorders (2)
1) issue cannot be explained by schizophrenic episode
2) individual has NEVER had a manic episode
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
-definition
-required symptom
-comorbidity
(def) 5 or more symptoms present for 2 weeks straight
-must feel anhedonia or depressed mood most of day
-comorbid w/ most other disorders (ex. ADHD)
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
-definition
-symptoms
-comorbidity
(def) depressed mood, including 2 symptoms, consistently for 2 years
-similar to MDD (ex. fatigue, suicide)
-comorbid w/ MDD, anxiety
-often develops in children/young adults
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
-definition
-required symptom
-end?
(def) during majority of menstrual cycle 5 or more symptoms are present
-must include 1 extreme: mood swings, increased conflicts, depression, anxiety/tension
-other symptoms: appetite change, insomnia, overwhelmed
-ends w/ menopause
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
(def) focus on reducing maladaptive thoughts and increase frequency of rewarding behavior
-therapy identifies unhelpful thoughts/behaviors and works to correct them
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
focus on how depression impacts interpersonal functioning/stress
-therapy establishes management strategies
