Exam 1 Flashcards
Cranial bones
Frontal, Parietal (2), spheroid, ethmoid, temporal (2)
Facial bones
maxillae (2), palatine (2), zygomatic (2), lacrimal (2), nasal (2), inferior nasal conchae (2), vomer (1), mandible (1)
maxillae
only facial bone with a sinus, intermaxillary suture, alveolar processes
palatine
hard plate
zygomatic
cheek bones
lacrimal
medial wall of each orbit (eye socket), smallest bone of skull, lacrimal fossa
nasal
nose bridge
inferior nasal conchae
nasal cavity
vomer
no muscle attachment
mandible
only movable bone of the skull; strongest skull bone
frontal bone formaina
supraorbital foramen or notch
temporal bone
carotid canal, external acoustic meatus, jugular foramen
occipital bone
foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal
sphenoid bone
foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, optic canal, superior orbital fissure
maxilla
inferior orbital fissure, infraorbital foramen
mandible
mental foramen, mandibular foramen
spinal cord is transmitted through the
foramen magnum of the occipital bone
Vertebral column
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (4)
thoracic vertebrae
costal facets are the attachment points for the 12 pairs of ribs, spinous process is pointed downward, larger than cervical vertebrae
rib articulation
attached to the thoracic vertebrae by the facet joints; the facet joints expands when we breathe
Carpals
proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
(some lovers try positions that they can’t handle)
atlas
flat bone in neck, produces “yes” motion, and supports the skull
axis
“no” motion, dens (odontoid process) provides rotational movement
Pectoral Girdle
shoulder girdle - incomplete gridle that contains the clavicle and the scapla
sternoclavicular joint
medial end of clavicle with sternum
acromioclavicular joint
lateral end of clavicle with scapula
glenohumeral joint
scapula with humerus
bones of lower limb
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges (14)
tarsals
calcaneus - heel, talus - most superior, navicular, cuneiforms,(3) cuboid
metarsals
I-V, medial to lateral
Phalanges
2 hallux (big toe) & Distal, middle, proximal phalanx II-V,
elbow articulation
distal end of humerus and proximal end of radius and ulna
four reigons of lower limb
femoral (thigh - femur, patella), crural (knee to ankle - tibia, fibula), tarsal (ankle) & foot/pedal
long bone sturcure
A diaphysis (shaft) and an epiphysis on each end; diaphysis is covered by the periosteum and epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage
out layer of compact bone -> spongy bone -> medullary cavity -> yellow bone marrow
articulation in appendicular skeleton
shoulder and pelvic gridle append the limbs to axial skeleton, use ball and socket joints; bones of limbs use pivot, hinge and condyloid joints
Bones of leg articulate with pelvic bones of the pelvic girdle with ball and socket joints
Flat bones
cranial bones, scapulae, sternum, ribs
Long Bones
humerus, radius and ula, femur, tibia and fibula, metacarpals and metatarsals, phalanges
Short bones
carpals, tarsals
sesamoid bones
patella
osteoclasts
secrete enzymes to break down bone matrix
osteoblasts
synthesize bone matrix
flat bone formation
intramembranous ossification
long bone bone formation
endochondral ossification
closed (simple) fracture)
bone break beneath the skin
open (compound) fractures
broken bone ends pierce the skin
greenstick fractures
partial breaks in a bone due to bending
comminuted fractures
bone is crushed into 3(+) pieces
impacted fractures
end of a broken bone is driven into the other end
occipital bone landmarks
foramen magnum - vertebral arteries and spinal cord
hypoglossal canal
occipital condyles
external occipital protuberance - between summit of occipital bone and foramen magnum
inferior nuchal line
superior nuchal line
external occipital crest
occipital surface of jugular foramen
temporal bone landmarks
zygomatic process
mandibular fossa
external auditory (acoustic) meatus
styloid process
mastoid process
stylomastoid foramen - facial nerve
temporal surface of jugular foramen
carotid canal
frontal bone landmarks
supraorbital notches - vessels and nerves
sphenoid
sella turcica - contains pituitary gland
optic foramen - optic nerve
superior orbital fissures - oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, opthalmic nerve
foramen rotundum - maxillary nerve
foramen ovale - trigeminal nerve
foramen spinossum - trigeminal nerve
inferior orbital fissure, sphenoid surface
sternum
manubrium - superior end
body of the sternum
xiphoid process
true ribs (1-7)
connected to the sternum via costal cartilages
false ribs (8-12)
not directly attached to sternum;; attached to the cartilage of the rib above them
joints with no movement (synarthroses)
bones of skull, first pair of ribs, sternum
joints with limited movement (syndesmoses)
vertebrae (intervertebral disc), hip bones (public symphysis) , tibia and fibia (tibiofibular ligament)
joints with full movement (synovial )
elbow ligaments - humerus and radius & ulna
mandible, shoulder, wrist,
hip to thigh: pubofemoral and iliofemoral ligament
knee to leg - patellar ligament, medial and lateral meniscus
tibiofibular ligament
reinforce the inferior tibiofibular joint between fibula and tibia; stabilizes the ankle
symphyses
fibrocartilaginous pad that connects two bones and allows for limited movement
