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Medical Biology > Cardiophysiology > Flashcards

Cardiophysiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

4 types of tissue

A

nervous, muscle, epithelial and connective tissue

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2
Q

3 types of muscular tissue

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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3
Q

where is the heart located

A

within the thorax, on the left

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4
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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5
Q

veins

A

carry blood toward the heart

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6
Q

ascending aorta

A

feeds the brain and the upper body

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7
Q

descending aorta

A

feeds lower body

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8
Q

coronary artery

A

ring around the heart; feeds the heart

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9
Q

ischemia

A

reduce blood flow to a body part, such as the brain

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10
Q

right coronary artery feeds

A

right ventricle, and consequently the lungs

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11
Q

left coronary artery feeds

A

left ventricle, and consequently the rest of the body

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12
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

is pumped into pulmonary (lungs) circuit by the right side of the heart

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13
Q

oxygenated blood

A

comes back from the pulmonary system and the left side of the heart distributes it

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14
Q

valve

A

ensure one-way blood flow

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15
Q

LAB RAT

A

left atrium bicuspid; right atrium tricuspid

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16
Q

heart mummer

A

irregular heart beat caused by leak in the valve

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17
Q

blood flow

A

1) right atrium
2) through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle
3) through pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk and arteries
4) within pulmonary capillaries blood becomes oxygenated
5) the oxygenated blood goes to the pulmonary veins
6) left atrium to bicuspid valve
7) left ventricle to aortic valve
8) aorta & systemic arteries
9) within the systemic capillaries, the blood becomes deoxygenated
10) superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus carry the blood back to the right atrium

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18
Q

autorhythmic cells function

A

make action potentials without the nervous system stimulation

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19
Q

autorhythmic cell cycle

A

1) when the membrane potential is -60mV; If channels open (K+ and Na+ channels open; Na+ rushes into the cell faster than K+ leaves, and the threshold increases)
2) at -40mV, the If channels closes and the Ca2+ T-channels open and Ca2+ rushes in. Ca2+ L-channels (slow) also opens -> action potential rising phase
3) at the peak of the A.P., the Ca2+ T-channels first close, then the L-channels and slow K+ channels open causing repolarization to -60mV
4) at -60mV the process starts again

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20
Q

SA node causes

A

waves of action potential across the atrium and forces the blood down the ventricle

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21
Q

contractile cells function

A

moves blood through the heart

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22
Q

contractile cells process

A

1) resting potential is at -96 mV
2) initial depolarization via Na+ influx (Na+ channels open); threshold is -52mV
3) repolarization when Cl- and K+ go out the cell
4) plateau phase due Ca2+ influx and K+ efflux
5) repolarization due to K+ slowly leaving the cell

23
Q

systole

A

heart contraction

24
Q

diastole

A

ventricle relaxes

25
Q

order of stimultion

A

SA node -> AV node -> bundle of His -> branches to left and right ventricles -> purkinje fibers

26
Q

automatic nervous system

A

controls heart rate

27
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight; raises heart rate via catecholamines increasing Na+ influx and calcium cycling in autorhythmic cells -> faster depolarization & recovery

28
Q

parasypathetic

A

slows heart rate via Ach increasing K+ efflux lessening Na+ influx in autorhythmic cells

29
Q

EKG

A

measures electrical conduction in the heart

30
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

31
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricle depolarization (also atrial repolarization but it is “buried” )

32
Q

T wave

A

recovery wave; ventricle repolarization

33
Q

pressure - volume loop

A

relationship between ventricular volume and fluid pressure

34
Q

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

A

first heart sound; blood hits against valve

35
Q

ventricular ejection

A

semi-lunars open, blood leaves ventricle; amount moved: ESV-EDV

36
Q

isovolumetric ventricular relexation

A

same volume, decreased blood pressure

37
Q

cardiac output (Q)

A

measures volume in the heart (beat per minute / L per beat) ; average is 5L

38
Q

two P waves on an EKG

A

SA node is fine, but AV node has issues

39
Q

semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary valve

40
Q

bicuspid valve is also called

A

mitral valve

41
Q

what starts the heart cycle

A

the firing of the SA node depolarizes the atria (P-wave)

42
Q

what is sound 1

A

after atrial systole, when the blood is pushed from the atrium to the ventricles, the blood wants to go back up where the pressure is lower. However the valves (tricuspid and mitral) are closed, so the turbulence causes the sound

43
Q

what is sound 2

A

ventricle pressure is falls below the pulmonary and aortic pressures and the semilunar valves closes (the blood wants to go back to low blood pressure, but it can’t)

44
Q

isovolumetric contration

A

ventricles is filled with the blood from the atrium and the ventricle contracts while the semilunar valves are closed; the ventricle pressure increases, while the volume remains the same

45
Q

ventricular systole

A

starts when the ventricle pressure is higher than the aortic and pulmonary valves, the semilunar valves open, and blood rushes out the ventricle
ventricular repolarization begins, ventricular pressure falls and the rate of ejection is lower

46
Q

early ventricular diastole

A

semilunar valves close (S2), the ventricle relaxes but the valves are closed -> pressure decreases while the volume stays the same

47
Q

late ventricular diastole

A

ventricular pressure drops below the atrial pressure (it was filling up with blood during the ventricular diastole), the tricuspid and mitral valves (AV valves) open, and the blood flows to the ventricle

48
Q

atrial systole

A

atrial depolarization, atria contracts and its pressure increases, forcing blood into the ventricles

49
Q

ESV

A

end systolic volume (blood in ventricle after contraction)

50
Q

EDV

A

end diastolic volume ( ventricle is filled with blood)

51
Q

cardiac output (Q)

A

stroke volume * heart beat

52
Q

vasoconstriction

A

increase resistance, reduce blood flow
counterbalance by increasing pressure

53
Q

dilation

A

decrease resistance, (pressure increases)

Medical Biology (5 decks)

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