Exam 1 Flashcards
Help study for exam 1
Massive transfer of people, animals, plants, microbes, commodities, ideas, and information across the Atlantic Ocean in the decades following Columbus’s voyages.
Columbian Exchange
Around the 10th century, natives began planting corn & legumes, creating a major change in the structure of society
Agricultural Revolution
Ancient native Americans that crossed Beringia & spread throughout the Americas
Paleo-Indians
A land bridge that once connected what are now Russia & Alaska
Beringia
A series of wars by European Christians to control Jerusalem & other land not already in Christian Possession
The Crusades
the ancient people the live in the civilization centered around modern-day Mexico City
Aztecs/The Mexica
A system in which people were entitled to 50 acres, for each person they brought to an English colony, including themselves
Headright system
a system in which the Spanish forced the natives to work for them
Enconmienda system
the imperial name for South & Central America, excluding Brazil
Nueva España
the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas
Atlantic slave trade
invader of the Aztecs
Hernan Cortéz
Rejection of the pope & his church by the king then queen of England
English Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church & reject the authority of the pope
Protestant Reformation
A failed English colony in modern-day North Carolina, founded by Walter Raleigh
Roanoke
first successful English settlement in Virginia, the first colony, which cultivated tobacco & allied with Powhatan
Jamestown
Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists the same rights as people back in England.
Virginia Company
was one of two joint-stock companies, along with the London Company, chartered with such a purpose as part of the Virginia Company. In form it was similar to the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London. The territory of the company was the coast of North America from the 38th parallel to the 45th parallel
Plymouth Company
Unlike the other colony companies, this company was allowed to meet wherever, so they moved to America to govern locally
Massachusetts Bay Company
British colonists who paid their passage to America by agreeing to work for the company for a set time
Indentured servants
A Virginian aristocrat led land-hungry settlers to attack natives, then got elected & held the other representatives at gunpoint to receive authorization for his continued attacks against the natives
Bacon’s Rebellion
Laws that secured & entrenched the legal status of slavery
Slave laws /Slave codes
Created by the king when the pope refused to annul his marriage. The King James Bible was later created to be a distinctively English holy book
Church of England/ Anglican Church
Puritans who left England over disagreements with The Church, first to Holland, then to America, where they settled in Salem, & greater Massachusetts
Pilgrims
Religious group who sought to purify the Church of England because they thought to was still too Catholic
Puritans
An agreement between Portugal & Spain that allowed the pope to draw a line in the Atlantic to divide up the New World
Treaty of Tordesillas
A system in which slaves were assigned work at the beginning of the day, & completed it mostly unsupervised
Task system
A system in which small teams of slaves would try to match the pace of an enslaved foreman
Gang system
Communities that tried to include the natives by indoctrinating them to European culture
Communities of inclusion
Colonies that refused to have any form of contact with the Native Americans
Communities of exclusion
One of the first European agreement for self-governance in North America. 41 men agreed to be bound by “just and equal laws”
Mayflower Compact
First European self-governance in the New World. Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.
House of Burgesses
The book de las casas wrote about how the Spanish were abusing the Indians
The Destruction of the Indies
The cold climate of the 14th century that contributed to the abandonment of Mississippian cities
Little Ice Age
a warm period from 900 to 1300 that increased the number of frost-free days in North America. Growing seasons got longer & it was possible to breed crops not possible before
North Atlantic Warm Period
a religious community across western Europe under the authority of the pope
Latin Christendom
Disease that wiped out much of Europe: half of England, 40% of France, 90% of some areas
The Plague/Bubonic Plague/Black Death
Unlike Spanish colonies, it was geared toward trading with natives. Founded in Québec
New France
A colony south of Québec that was also geared toward trading with natives. Covered much of modern-day New York
New Netherland
European name for slave ships crossing the Atlantic from Africa to North America
Middle Passage
People of Spanish & native decent
Mestizos
New England towns run by the settlers for natives who had converted to Christianity to be further indoctrinated
Praying towns
Belief systems
Pensylvania
propriotery colony owned by Cecil Calvert, a Catholic
Maryland
The capital city of the Mississippians, with rich soil & good hunting. It had a population of more than 10,000, similar to London at the time.
Cahokia
capital of the Mississipean civilization near modern St Louis. It was positioned near 2 major rivers, making it an ideal transportation hub.
Cahokia
The offspring of a Spaniard & a native woman.
Mestizo
A non-native born in America
creole
A surveillance state that the pilgrims set up, no curtains
Living Museum
A possible microbiological explanation of the Salem Witch trials
Hallucinogenic ergot in the grain supply
Economic system in Puritan Massachusetts
Diverse, but tightly-regulated capitalism. NO free market. Some bartering
Economic Regulation in Puritan Massachusetts
Some set prices & limits on how many of each profession.
Farming in Puritan Massachusetts
Diverse crops, very little agricultural slavery
Slavery in Puritan Massachusetts
Mostly urban or domestic, very little agricultural slavery
Major industry on the New England coast
Shipbuilding because of the dense virign forests, & fishing
Half of the Brittish navy was built here
Massachusetts
Puritan Massachusetts society
Largely middle class
Lifespan in Puritan Massachusetts
Long. Much longer than the colonies to the South. You will know your grandparents
Puritan Morality
Loved marital sex only, had a popular lottery to finance public education
Puritan family values
The basic unit of social & workforce organization. Mostly paternal, not maternal.
Women in puritan Massachusetts
Not really considered people. Belonged to their father or husband. Pregnant or nursing most of their adult life.
Widows in puritan Massachusetts
Widows get 1/3 of their husband’s estate
Voters in puritan Massachusetts
white male land-owners who participated in church
Government in Puritan Massachusetts
All voters were expected to serve in government at some point
Indentured Servants
Regular slavery
Chattel Slavery
Why were the English afraid to colonize Virginia?
They did not want to anger the Spinish
