Exam 1 Flashcards
Gross anatomy (heart,Lungs ,kidneys
Examined WITHOUT the aid of a microscope
Microscopic Anatomy
Examined WITH microscope
Cytology
Study of cell (cell membrane)
Histology
Study of tissue (tissue anatomy)
Physiology for organ tissue
Stretching
FIRST level of structural level
Chemical Level= atoms join together
SECOND level of structural level
Cellular level = molecules form organelles =cell
THIRD level of structural level
TISSUE LEVEL= Similar cells with common function
FOURTH level of structural level
Organ level
FIFTH level of structural level
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL=organs working together (cardiovascular,respiratory,digestive)
SIXTH level of structural level
System level= human being
Examples of negative feedback
Regulating of body temp
Regulation blood glucose levels
You home heating system
Positive feedback examples
Blood clotting, contraction during pregnancy
,milk production in breasts
Superior( cranial)
Toward the head
Inferior(caudal)
Below
F=floor
Ventral (anterior)
Towards the front
Dorsal (posterior)
Towards or the back
Medial
Middle
Lateral
Away from the midline
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Superficial (external)
Surface
Deep ( internal)
Internal
Proximal
Shoulder
Distal
Towards hand
Coronal plane
Frontal plane~front lunge and back lunge
Sagittal plane
Left and right arm extend
Transverse plane
Cross sectional plane —————- middle half up and down
Dorsal body cavities
Cranial, vertebral
Cranial
Brain
Vertebral
Spinal cord
Ventral body cavities
Thoracic, abdominal
Thoracic
Hearts and lungs
Abdominal
Stomach ,intestines,liver
Urinary bladder reproductive organs and rectum
Serous
Covering the organ with a thin double layered membrane that covers walls
4 elements
Carbon,oxygen ,hydrogen,nitrogen
What’s makes 96% of body mass
C,N,O,H
Isotopes
Same number of protons / electrons but different number of neutrons
What’s the smallest particle of a compound
Molecule
Ionic
The transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another
Oppositely charged atoms
Electron donor
Loses one or more electron(Cation)
Electron acceptor
Gains those electrons
Anion
Polar
Unbalanced (stronger
Nonpolar
Equally balanced
Inert
Full of valence shells
Ion
POS and neg charged
Nucleus
Proton and neutrons
T/F is an atom electrically neutral
Yes
Name of the outermost orbital/electron shell of an atom
Valance shell
What is an ion
An atom that has a charge
The strongest of the chemical bonds
Covalent
Which chemical bond transfers electrons
Ionic
Electrically unbalanced
Polar
Stable/full valence shell
Inert element
A + B → AB = Anabolism or catabolism
Anabolism
Polar solvent properties
Substances comprised of polar molecules tend to dissolve other substances comprised of polar molecules.
Dissociative in water
Even distribution
-blood,plasma, urine and lubricants
What are salts
Ionic compounds
Roles that salts play in the body function
Fluid balance inside and outside of cells
Conduction nerve impulses
Muscle coutraction
F/TION=Electrolytes?
True
Does an inorganic or an organic compound contain carbon?
Organic compounds
Is water an inorganic or an organic compound?
Inorganic
Are fats/lipids an inorganic or an organic compound?
Organic
What are the 5 properties of water?
Heat capacity(takes a lot of heat to change the temp of the flu8id to regulate the body temp)BALANCED
Cushioning(can’t compress so its a safety mechanism for th body)
Reactivity( dehydrogation and hydrolysis)
Evaporation(swear , hydrogen bonds break down)
Salt water( universal solvent, break down particles, every polar bond wrap around the circle)
What 3 functions do salts have?
Fluid balance, electrolytes(big responsibility), muscle contraction
Salts,acids and bases are_____
Electrolytes
More acidic=more H+ or more OH-
More hydrogen ion
Ph scale compilation of hydrogen ions
Working its self down it goes up
Carbons are electro__? Do they share or transfer e-
Share
what breaks a bond? Hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis?
Hydrolysis(break down) c-c-c*c
Why are essential nutrients “essential’
Our bodies cannot produce, must eat
What’s is “calories” do/provide out bodies?
Our energy currency
Protein, fats carbs yields how many kcal per 1 gram?
Pro/CHO: 4g; at:9g
How many cals do carbs have
4.1
Lipids have this much cals
9.5
How much cals in protein?
4.1 cals /gram
Major nutrients of ORGANIC
Carbs,lipids and proteins (water)
ORGANIC: Other nutrients?
Vitamins and minerals water
Carbohydrates are Organic or inorganic?
Organic
F/T: Carbs is a major nutrient(macronutrient)
T
CARBS: percent of body weight? %
1%
CARBS: what elements do they contain?
Carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
CARBS: ratio
1:2:1; C:H:O
Glucose
What are CARBS? CHO?
Sugar and starches
Three classes of carbs?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
MONOSACCHARIDES are….
Simple sugars
MONOSACCHARIDES: monomers:
Building blocks of other carbohydrates
MONOSACCHARIDES: Contain___ carbon atoms
Hexose= 6 carbons- i.e glucose(blood sugar)
Pentose= 5 carbons- i.e deoxyribose (DNA)
Two monosaccharides joined by _________
Dehydrodration synthesis
Disaccarides ae broken down by___
Hydrolysis
3 Disaccharides
Sucrose - table sugar (fruits & vegetables)
○Lactose - milk sugar (dairy foods)
○Maltose - malt sugar (sweet potatoes, pears, beer)
Polymers of simple sugars (glucose) linked together by_____
dehydration synthesis
Starch
storage carbohydrate from plants (grains, potatoes)
■Cellulose - found in plants too; indigestible (fiber) → provides bulk
Glycogen
- storage carbohydrate in animal tissue; we store in skeletal muscle and liver tissue
Outer part of rice
Bran
Middle part of grain
Endosperm
Little middle part or grain
Germ
How much carbs do we need to function to stay alive?
100g/day
Maintain adequate blood glucose levels
Recommended intake of carbs ,fiber and nutrients
45-65%
Deficenices of not having enough carbs
Metabolic acidosis (
Starch (complex carbohydrates)-
grains and vegetables
Sugars
fruits, sugarcane, sugar beets, honey and
Insoluble fiber -
cellulose in vegetables → provides roughage
Soluble fiber-
pectin in apples and citrus fruits → gel; reduces blood cholesterol levels
The glycemic index (or GI)
measures the effects of CHO on blood sugar levels
CHO that breaks down ____ during digestion have a ____ GI
CHO that breaks down ___ have a ____ GI
- Quickly,Higher
2- slower, Lower
1.Energy Source (i.e. cellular fuel)
a.Main function of CHO is to be used as an energy source
Energy (immediate)
Glycogen (short term storage)
Lipid (long term storage)
Where is Glycogen stores in?
The storage CHO in animal tissue
●We store it in:
○Liver tissue (~100 grams)
■Uses stored glycogen to maintain blood sugar
○Muscle tissue (~200 grams)
■Uses glycogen for themselves
Protein Sparing
Protein is normally use for maintenance, repair, and growth of tissues
i.When CHO reserves (glycogen) are reduced, metabolic pathways exist for the synthesis of glucose from protein (gluconeogenesis).
ii.Therefor your body uses tissue protein for energy
Metabolic Primer
For fat to be used as an energy source, they must be preceded by CHO metabolism - “Fat Burns in a Carbohydrate Flame
CHO make up what % of our body weight? Base formula?
1%= CH20
What are the 3 classes of CHO
Glucose, fructose, galactose = for disaccharides
What makes up each class?
Mono: glucose,fructose,galactose
Di:sucrose,lactose, maltose
Poly: starch,glycogen, cellulose
Example SIMPLE CHO vs complex CHO
Simple: mono/disaccharides- higher sugar content
Complex: polysaccharides- lower sugar content; fiber
Example refines CHO… what is stripped away? Examples?
Refined: strips away nutrients (fiber,vitamins,minerals)
-White rice vs brown rice; white bread vs whole grain bread
What % of calorie intake should come from CHO?
45-65%
WHAT ARE TWO FORMS OF FIBERS?
Insoluble(bulk,speeds up GI)
Soluble(absorbs with water and forms into gel; slow pace; controls blood sugar/cholesterol levels
What is the glycemic index? How does it affect blood sugar?
CHO effects on blood sugar.HIGH GI means there will be a fast/higher blood sugar levels
LOW GI means CHO will digest slower which will limit the “spike” blood sugar
What is glycogen as it relates to our bodies?
Glycogen is our bodies CHOICE storage’ It is HIGHLY BRANCHED so it is easier to breakdown and use for fuel when needed
What are the 5 functions of CHOs? Example them
Energy source,
protein sparing,
metabolic primer-carbs to burn fat
,brain fuel,small role in cell structure
What are example of CHO
BRRAD,MILK,CORN,PASTA,CEREAL
Are lipids organic or inorganic?
Organic
What are lipids major nutrient?
Macronutrients
Lipids: percent of body weight:
15-25%
College MALE body lipid weight
15%
College female lipid weight percent
25%
What elements do lipids contain?
Hydrogen,oxygen,carbon and SOMETIMES phosphorous
T/F: lipids are insoluble in water
True
LIPIDS: SIMPLE
Triglycerides
LIPIDS: Compound
Phospholipids
LIPIDS: Derived
Steroid and prostaglandins
Triglycerides
This is a major for of stored energy in the body
Where are lipids found in the body
Subcutaneous tissue
Plant and animal based foods
What is triglycerides composed of?
3 fatty acid(dehydration synthesis)
Gycerol molecules
Is saturated and single or double bonded?
Single
Saturated: are they straight or kinked
Straight
Are saturated bonds solid ?
Yes
Saturated: longer or short chains?
Longer
Where are saturated fats found?
Animal fats: meat,eggs,dairy ,butter
Polyunsaturated fats
Omega 3 and 6
Decreases heart disease
Trans fats
Not beneficial
-margine.pastries ,cookies and non dairy creamer,etc
Tail on phospholipids are_____?
Hydrophobic
Fear water
Head of phospholipids
Hydrophilic
Love water
Atherosclerosis
Heart disease risk
When atoms gain electrons___.
A)the atoms become negatively charged
B)the atoms become electrically neutral
C)the atoms become positively charged
D)their atomic mass significantly increases
A
The complete transfer of electron(s) from one atom to another resulting in charged atoms creates a ________ bond
A)personal
B)ionic
C)covalent
D)Hydrogen
B
Hydrogen bonds between polar water molecules creates ________.
A)chemical reactions
B)charged atoms
C)surfactant
D)Surface Tension
D)
Molecules are formed when 2 or more ________ combine.
atoms
electrons
molecules
subatomic particles
Atoms
In a chemical reaction,_____
join to form_____
A)reactants; products
B)molecules; atoms
C)formulas; products
D)products; reactants
A)reactants; products
An increase in temperature will _____
chemical reactions.
A)increase
B)decrease
C)Not affect
A)
A decrease in particle size will____
chemical reactions.
increase
decrease
no affect
A)
Organic molecules contain which one of the following atoms that inorganic molecules do not.
A)oxygen
B)hydrogen nitrogen
C)carbon
C
All the following are organic compounds EXCEPT?
A)water
B)proteins
C)carbohydrates
D)nucleic acids
Water
Which of the following describes the most acidic solution?
A)pH 14
B)pH 9
C)pH 7
D)pH 4
D
An example of why water is referred to as the polar solvent would be:
A)cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain
B)water redistributing heat among body tissues
C)salt dissolving in a glass of water
D)sweat evaporating on your skin
C
As the increases, acidity increases.
A)H+
B) ОН-
B
The body’s pH is regulated by:
A)buffers
B)the lungs
C)the kidneys
D)heart
A,B,C
A buffer will release OH- ions if the blood pH
A)becomes neutral
B) falls (becomes more acidic)
C)stavs the same
B
A buffer will release OH- ions if the blood pH
A)becomes neutral
B)falls (becomes more acidic)
C)stays the same
D)rises (becomes more basic)
B)
Dehydration synthesis is when a water molecule is ___bond is____.
A)added; broken
B)removed; broken
C)removed; formed
D)added; formed
C)
A___ is the building block of a ____.
Monomer; polymer
Carbon is______ , which means it often___ its valance shell electrons with other atoms.
A)electropositive; transfers
B)electroneutral; shares
C)stable: shares
C)
What major nutrients) provide 4.1 calories per gram of potential energy.
A)nucleic acids
B)carbohydrates
C)proteins
D)lipids
B and C
Hydrolysis is when a water molecule is____ _and a covalent bond is______.
A)removed; broken
B)added; broken
C)removed; formed
D)added; formed
B)
What major nutrients) provide 9.5 calories per gram of potential energy.
A)carbohydrates
B)nucleic acids
C)lipids
D)proteins
C
An essential nutrient is something our body needs but our bodies can be produced it so we do not need to consume it through our diet.
A)True
B)False
False
What are the building blocks of lipids
Head( glycerol) tails 2 fatty lipids
The percent lipids make up of our body weight
15-25%
Are lipids insoluable or soluble
Insoluble(hydrophobic)
The 3 subclassifcaiton of lipids
tri(stored fuel source)
Phospholipids
Steroids
Difference between saturated vs unsaturated FA?
Sat: no double bonds,tightly packed
-solid ,animal products
Unsat: 1 or more double bonds,branched,liquid-plant based
What lipids should be limited inn our body
Saturated
Which lipids should be limited in our diets?
Fall under poly
OMEGA 6 & 3
What are the essential fatty acids?
Primary structure (Amino acids residues)
protein’s primary structure is defined as the amino acid sequence of its polypeptide chain
Secondary structure (A Helix)
secondary structure is the local spatial arrangement of a polypeptide’s backbone (main chain)
Tertiary structure (polypeptide chain)
tertiary structure refers to the three-dimensional structure of an entire polypeptide chain; and quaternary structure is the
Quaternary Structure( Assembled subunits)
A clump of primary,secondary and tertiary structures
EX: hemoglobin=4 acids chinas and antibodies
Overall AA sequence and structure very specific
Fibrous Proteins
●Structural
●Secondary, tertiary, & quaternary structures
●Insoluble in water = very stable
●Skin, bone, muscle, tendons, etc
Globular Proteins
Functional
●Tertiary & quaternary structures
●Water soluble
●Play a major role in all biological processes
○Antibodies, transport, enzymes
Calorie intake
15-20%
How many essential acids are there overall?
20
How many essential amino acids are there
9
How many non essential amino acids are there?
11
Complete
○A protein source that contains all 9 essential amino acids; meeting the bodies needs for all amino acids
■Eggs, milk, fish, beef, pork, poultry
■Quinoa, buckwheat, soy, chia seeds, pistachios
Incomplete
○A protein source that does not contain a high quantity of essential amino acids
○They are low in one or more of the essential amino acids
■Legumes (beans), nuts, seeds, veggies and grains
1.Cell Structure & Function
A. Structural Proteins - secondary structure - fibrous proteins
B. Functional Proteins - tertiary structure - globular proteins
Regulate Body Functions
Acid-base Balance → hemoglobin
b.Muscular Contraction → actin & myosin
c.Protection → antibodies
Energy Source
Not desired or recommended
b.Used when CHO/Lipids limited
Catalyst for Chemical Reactions
Enzymes - biological catalysts
a.Regulate/control/enhance chemical reactions
b.Not all proteins are enzymes but all enzymes are proteins - globular proteins
○Positive Nitrogen Balance
if synthesis exceeds breakdown - growing children, tissue repair, pregnancy
Negative Nitrogen Balance
if breakdown exceeds synthesis - starvation, stress, burns, infection, or injury
Building blocks of proteins?
Animo acids
How many amino acids are there? “Building blocks”
20
How many essential?
9
How many nonessential?
11
Essential vs nonessential?
We need to consume EAAs
Complete proteins vs uncomplete proteins?
Complete has all 9 AA, I complete does not
Complete protein food groups?
Animal products+ a few plant products
Incomplete protein food groups?
Plants-veggies,nuts,seeds,grains,fruit
Percentage of body weight
17%
Protein % coming from diet
15-20%
What is special about R-groups
“Name tag”; unique side chain, chemical prop
4 structure subclassifications?
Primary(nice long line) ,secondary(linked, alpha helix), tertiary,quanterary
Tiberius classification & role(s) in the body?
Fibrous= structure; secondary
Globular classification & role(s) in body
Globular= functional;tertiary
Protein denaturation
Shape change by breaking bonds
4 protein functions
Structure/function,regulate,energy,catalysis
Are all enzyme proteins? T/F
T
Nitrogen balance
Rate of intake/synthesis vs breakdown in the tissue /loss
Vitamins organic or inorganic?
Organic
Minerals organic or inorganic?
Inorganic
Nuclei acid organic or inorganic?
Organic
Water organic or inorganic?
Inorganic
What % of body weight do vitamins make up?
Minimal
Minerals= 4%
Nuclei acid= 2%
Water= 60–65%
Vitamins two sub classifications?
What make up each?
Fat & Water soluble
A-ADeK & BC
Two subclassicfication of water in the body?
Intracellular(40%) & extracellular (20%)
Building blocks of nuclei acids?
Nucleotides
Two subclassifications of nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
Location of each subclassifcation
DNA= Nucleus
RNA-Cytoplasm
What is ATP
Cell energy currency, stores energy
Main parts of a cell are:
1-nucleus
2- membrane
3-cytoplasm
Cell membrane is made up of what percentages of lipid,carbs and proteins
Lipid-40%
Carbs-50%
Protein- 10%
The membrane channels/pumps are made up of what compound?
Proteins
Type 1 diabetes- insulin sensitivity or production issues?
Insulin production issues-> pancreas
What membrane transport system that requires energy?
Active
Simple diffusion
Unassisted can diffuse through the membrane
Nonpolar
Gasses
Facilitated
Polar
Osmosis
Water diffuse accross
Aqua—-
