Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KNR 182(2) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gross anatomy (heart,Lungs ,kidneys

A

Examined WITHOUT the aid of a microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Examined WITH microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cell (cell membrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue (tissue anatomy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Physiology for organ tissue

A

Stretching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

FIRST level of structural level

A

Chemical Level= atoms join together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SECOND level of structural level

A

Cellular level = molecules form organelles =cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

THIRD level of structural level

A

TISSUE LEVEL= Similar cells with common function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

FOURTH level of structural level

A

Organ level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

FIFTH level of structural level

A

ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL=organs working together (cardiovascular,respiratory,digestive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

SIXTH level of structural level

A

System level= human being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of negative feedback

A

Regulating of body temp
Regulation blood glucose levels
You home heating system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Positive feedback examples

A

Blood clotting, contraction during pregnancy
,milk production in breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Superior( cranial)

A

Toward the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inferior(caudal)

A

Below
F=floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ventral (anterior)

A

Towards the front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dorsal (posterior)

A

Towards or the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Medial

A

Middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Intermediate

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Superficial (external)

A

Surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Deep ( internal)

A

Internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Proximal

A

Shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Distal

A

Towards hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Coronal plane

A

Frontal plane~front lunge and back lunge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Left and right arm extend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Transverse plane

A

Cross sectional plane —————- middle half up and down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dorsal body cavities

A

Cranial, vertebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cranial

A

Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Vertebral

A

Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ventral body cavities

A

Thoracic, abdominal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Thoracic

A

Hearts and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Abdominal

A

Stomach ,intestines,liver
Urinary bladder reproductive organs and rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Serous

A

Covering the organ with a thin double layered membrane that covers walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

4 elements

A

Carbon,oxygen ,hydrogen,nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What’s makes 96% of body mass

A

C,N,O,H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Isotopes

A

Same number of protons / electrons but different number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What’s the smallest particle of a compound

A

Molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ionic

A

The transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another
Oppositely charged atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Electron donor

A

Loses one or more electron(Cation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Electron acceptor

A

Gains those electrons
Anion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Polar

A

Unbalanced (stronger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Nonpolar

A

Equally balanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Inert

A

Full of valence shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Ion

A

POS and neg charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Nucleus

A

Proton and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

T/F is an atom electrically neutral

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Name of the outermost orbital/electron shell of an atom

A

Valance shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is an ion

A

An atom that has a charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The strongest of the chemical bonds

A

Covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Which chemical bond transfers electrons

A

Ionic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Electrically unbalanced

A

Polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Stable/full valence shell

A

Inert element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

A + B → AB = Anabolism or catabolism

A

Anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Polar solvent properties

A

Substances comprised of polar molecules tend to dissolve other substances comprised of polar molecules.
Dissociative in water
Even distribution
-blood,plasma, urine and lubricants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are salts

A

Ionic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Roles that salts play in the body function

A

Fluid balance inside and outside of cells
Conduction nerve impulses
Muscle coutraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

F/TION=Electrolytes?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Does an inorganic or an organic compound contain carbon?

A

Organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Is water an inorganic or an organic compound?

A

Inorganic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Are fats/lipids an inorganic or an organic compound?

A

Organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the 5 properties of water?

A

Heat capacity(takes a lot of heat to change the temp of the flu8id to regulate the body temp)BALANCED
Cushioning(can’t compress so its a safety mechanism for th body)
Reactivity( dehydrogation and hydrolysis)
Evaporation(swear , hydrogen bonds break down)
Salt water( universal solvent, break down particles, every polar bond wrap around the circle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What 3 functions do salts have?

A

Fluid balance, electrolytes(big responsibility), muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Salts,acids and bases are_____

A

Electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

More acidic=more H+ or more OH-

A

More hydrogen ion
Ph scale compilation of hydrogen ions

Working its self down it goes up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Carbons are electro__? Do they share or transfer e-

A

Share

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what breaks a bond? Hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis?

A

Hydrolysis(break down) c-c-c*c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Why are essential nutrients “essential’

A

Our bodies cannot produce, must eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What’s is “calories” do/provide out bodies?

A

Our energy currency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Protein, fats carbs yields how many kcal per 1 gram?

A

Pro/CHO: 4g; at:9g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

How many cals do carbs have

A

4.1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Lipids have this much cals

A

9.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

How much cals in protein?

A

4.1 cals /gram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Major nutrients of ORGANIC

A

Carbs,lipids and proteins (water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

ORGANIC: Other nutrients?

A

Vitamins and minerals water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Carbohydrates are Organic or inorganic?

A

Organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

F/T: Carbs is a major nutrient(macronutrient)

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

CARBS: percent of body weight? %

A

1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

CARBS: what elements do they contain?

A

Carbon,hydrogen and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

CARBS: ratio

A

1:2:1; C:H:O
Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What are CARBS? CHO?

A

Sugar and starches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Three classes of carbs?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES are….

A

Simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES: monomers:

A

Building blocks of other carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES: Contain___ carbon atoms

A

Hexose= 6 carbons- i.e glucose(blood sugar)
Pentose= 5 carbons- i.e deoxyribose (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Two monosaccharides joined by _________

A

Dehydrodration synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Disaccarides ae broken down by___

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

3 Disaccharides

A

Sucrose - table sugar (fruits & vegetables)
○Lactose - milk sugar (dairy foods)
○Maltose - malt sugar (sweet potatoes, pears, beer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Polymers of simple sugars (glucose) linked together by_____

A

dehydration synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Starch

A

storage carbohydrate from plants (grains, potatoes)
■Cellulose - found in plants too; indigestible (fiber) → provides bulk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Glycogen

A
  • storage carbohydrate in animal tissue; we store in skeletal muscle and liver tissue
92
Q

Outer part of rice

A

Bran

93
Q

Middle part of grain

A

Endosperm

94
Q

Little middle part or grain

A

Germ

95
Q

How much carbs do we need to function to stay alive?

A

100g/day
Maintain adequate blood glucose levels

96
Q

Recommended intake of carbs ,fiber and nutrients

A

45-65%

97
Q

Deficenices of not having enough carbs

A

Metabolic acidosis (

98
Q

Starch (complex carbohydrates)-

A

grains and vegetables

99
Q

Sugars

A

fruits, sugarcane, sugar beets, honey and

100
Q

Insoluble fiber -

A

cellulose in vegetables → provides roughage

101
Q

Soluble fiber-

A

pectin in apples and citrus fruits → gel; reduces blood cholesterol levels

102
Q

The glycemic index (or GI)

A

measures the effects of CHO on blood sugar levels

103
Q

CHO that breaks down ____ during digestion have a ____ GI

CHO that breaks down ___ have a ____ GI

A
  1. Quickly,Higher
    2- slower, Lower
104
Q

1.Energy Source (i.e. cellular fuel)
a.Main function of CHO is to be used as an energy source

Energy (immediate)
Glycogen (short term storage)
Lipid (long term storage)

A
105
Q

Where is Glycogen stores in?

A

The storage CHO in animal tissue

●We store it in:
○Liver tissue (~100 grams)
■Uses stored glycogen to maintain blood sugar
○Muscle tissue (~200 grams)
■Uses glycogen for themselves

106
Q

Protein Sparing

A

Protein is normally use for maintenance, repair, and growth of tissues
i.When CHO reserves (glycogen) are reduced, metabolic pathways exist for the synthesis of glucose from protein (gluconeogenesis).
ii.Therefor your body uses tissue protein for energy

107
Q

Metabolic Primer

A

For fat to be used as an energy source, they must be preceded by CHO metabolism - “Fat Burns in a Carbohydrate Flame

108
Q

CHO make up what % of our body weight? Base formula?

A

1%= CH20

109
Q

What are the 3 classes of CHO

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose = for disaccharides

110
Q

What makes up each class?

A

Mono: glucose,fructose,galactose
Di:sucrose,lactose, maltose
Poly: starch,glycogen, cellulose

111
Q

Example SIMPLE CHO vs complex CHO

A

Simple: mono/disaccharides- higher sugar content
Complex: polysaccharides- lower sugar content; fiber

112
Q

Example refines CHO… what is stripped away? Examples?

A

Refined: strips away nutrients (fiber,vitamins,minerals)
-White rice vs brown rice; white bread vs whole grain bread

113
Q

What % of calorie intake should come from CHO?

A

45-65%

114
Q

WHAT ARE TWO FORMS OF FIBERS?

A

Insoluble(bulk,speeds up GI)

Soluble(absorbs with water and forms into gel; slow pace; controls blood sugar/cholesterol levels

115
Q

What is the glycemic index? How does it affect blood sugar?

A

CHO effects on blood sugar.HIGH GI means there will be a fast/higher blood sugar levels

LOW GI means CHO will digest slower which will limit the “spike” blood sugar

116
Q

What is glycogen as it relates to our bodies?

A

Glycogen is our bodies CHOICE storage’ It is HIGHLY BRANCHED so it is easier to breakdown and use for fuel when needed

117
Q

What are the 5 functions of CHOs? Example them

A

Energy source,
protein sparing,
metabolic primer-carbs to burn fat
,brain fuel,small role in cell structure

118
Q

What are example of CHO

A

BRRAD,MILK,CORN,PASTA,CEREAL

119
Q

Are lipids organic or inorganic?

A

Organic

120
Q

What are lipids major nutrient?

A

Macronutrients

121
Q

Lipids: percent of body weight:

A

15-25%

122
Q

College MALE body lipid weight

A

15%

123
Q

College female lipid weight percent

A

25%

124
Q

What elements do lipids contain?

A

Hydrogen,oxygen,carbon and SOMETIMES phosphorous

125
Q

T/F: lipids are insoluble in water

A

True

126
Q

LIPIDS: SIMPLE

A

Triglycerides

127
Q

LIPIDS: Compound

A

Phospholipids

128
Q

LIPIDS: Derived

A

Steroid and prostaglandins

129
Q

Triglycerides

A

This is a major for of stored energy in the body

130
Q

Where are lipids found in the body

A

Subcutaneous tissue
Plant and animal based foods

131
Q

What is triglycerides composed of?

A

3 fatty acid(dehydration synthesis)
Gycerol molecules

132
Q

Is saturated and single or double bonded?

A

Single

133
Q

Saturated: are they straight or kinked

A

Straight

134
Q

Are saturated bonds solid ?

A

Yes

135
Q

Saturated: longer or short chains?

A

Longer

136
Q

Where are saturated fats found?

A

Animal fats: meat,eggs,dairy ,butter

137
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A

Omega 3 and 6
Decreases heart disease

138
Q

Trans fats

A

Not beneficial
-margine.pastries ,cookies and non dairy creamer,etc

139
Q

Tail on phospholipids are_____?

A

Hydrophobic
Fear water

140
Q

Head of phospholipids

A

Hydrophilic
Love water

141
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Heart disease risk

142
Q

When atoms gain electrons___.

A)the atoms become negatively charged

B)the atoms become electrically neutral

C)the atoms become positively charged

D)their atomic mass significantly increases

A

A

143
Q

The complete transfer of electron(s) from one atom to another resulting in charged atoms creates a ________ bond
A)personal

B)ionic

C)covalent

D)Hydrogen

A

B

144
Q

Hydrogen bonds between polar water molecules creates ________.

A)chemical reactions

B)charged atoms

C)surfactant

D)Surface Tension

A

D)

145
Q

Molecules are formed when 2 or more ________ combine.

atoms

electrons

molecules

subatomic particles

A

Atoms

146
Q

In a chemical reaction,_____
join to form_____

A)reactants; products

B)molecules; atoms

C)formulas; products

D)products; reactants

A

A)reactants; products

147
Q

An increase in temperature will _____
chemical reactions.

A)increase

B)decrease

C)Not affect

A

A)

148
Q

A decrease in particle size will____
chemical reactions.

increase

decrease

no affect

A

A)

149
Q

Organic molecules contain which one of the following atoms that inorganic molecules do not.

A)oxygen
B)hydrogen nitrogen
C)carbon

A

C

150
Q

All the following are organic compounds EXCEPT?
A)water

B)proteins

C)carbohydrates

D)nucleic acids

A

Water

151
Q

Which of the following describes the most acidic solution?
A)pH 14
B)pH 9
C)pH 7
D)pH 4

A

D

152
Q

An example of why water is referred to as the polar solvent would be:

A)cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain

B)water redistributing heat among body tissues

C)salt dissolving in a glass of water

D)sweat evaporating on your skin

A

C

153
Q

As the increases, acidity increases.
A)H+
B) ОН-

A

B

154
Q

The body’s pH is regulated by:
A)buffers

B)the lungs

C)the kidneys

D)heart

A

A,B,C

155
Q

A buffer will release OH- ions if the blood pH
A)becomes neutral

B) falls (becomes more acidic)

C)stavs the same

A

B

156
Q

A buffer will release OH- ions if the blood pH

A)becomes neutral

B)falls (becomes more acidic)

C)stays the same

D)rises (becomes more basic)

A

B)

157
Q

Dehydration synthesis is when a water molecule is ___bond is____.

A)added; broken

B)removed; broken

C)removed; formed

D)added; formed

A

C)

158
Q

A___ is the building block of a ____.

A

Monomer; polymer

159
Q

Carbon is______ , which means it often___ its valance shell electrons with other atoms.

A)electropositive; transfers
B)electroneutral; shares
C)stable: shares

A

C)

160
Q

What major nutrients) provide 4.1 calories per gram of potential energy.
A)nucleic acids
B)carbohydrates
C)proteins
D)lipids

A

B and C

161
Q

Hydrolysis is when a water molecule is____ _and a covalent bond is______.
A)removed; broken

B)added; broken

C)removed; formed

D)added; formed

A

B)

162
Q

What major nutrients) provide 9.5 calories per gram of potential energy.
A)carbohydrates

B)nucleic acids

C)lipids

D)proteins

A

C

163
Q

An essential nutrient is something our body needs but our bodies can be produced it so we do not need to consume it through our diet.
A)True
B)False

A

False

164
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids

A

Head( glycerol) tails 2 fatty lipids

165
Q

The percent lipids make up of our body weight

A

15-25%

166
Q

Are lipids insoluable or soluble

A

Insoluble(hydrophobic)

167
Q

The 3 subclassifcaiton of lipids

A

tri(stored fuel source)
Phospholipids
Steroids

168
Q

Difference between saturated vs unsaturated FA?

A

Sat: no double bonds,tightly packed
-solid ,animal products

Unsat: 1 or more double bonds,branched,liquid-plant based

169
Q

What lipids should be limited inn our body

A

Saturated

170
Q

Which lipids should be limited in our diets?

A

Fall under poly
OMEGA 6 & 3

171
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A
172
Q

Primary structure (Amino acids residues)

A

protein’s primary structure is defined as the amino acid sequence of its polypeptide chain

173
Q

Secondary structure (A Helix)

A

secondary structure is the local spatial arrangement of a polypeptide’s backbone (main chain)

174
Q

Tertiary structure (polypeptide chain)

A

tertiary structure refers to the three-dimensional structure of an entire polypeptide chain; and quaternary structure is the

175
Q

Quaternary Structure( Assembled subunits)

A

A clump of primary,secondary and tertiary structures
EX: hemoglobin=4 acids chinas and antibodies
Overall AA sequence and structure very specific

176
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

●Structural
●Secondary, tertiary, & quaternary structures
●Insoluble in water = very stable
●Skin, bone, muscle, tendons, etc

177
Q

Globular Proteins

A

Functional
●Tertiary & quaternary structures
●Water soluble
●Play a major role in all biological processes
○Antibodies, transport, enzymes

178
Q

Calorie intake

A

15-20%

179
Q

How many essential acids are there overall?

A

20

180
Q

How many essential amino acids are there

A

9

181
Q

How many non essential amino acids are there?

A

11

182
Q

Complete

A

○A protein source that contains all 9 essential amino acids; meeting the bodies needs for all amino acids
■Eggs, milk, fish, beef, pork, poultry
■Quinoa, buckwheat, soy, chia seeds, pistachios

183
Q

Incomplete

A

○A protein source that does not contain a high quantity of essential amino acids
○They are low in one or more of the essential amino acids
■Legumes (beans), nuts, seeds, veggies and grains

184
Q

1.Cell Structure & Function

A

A. Structural Proteins - secondary structure - fibrous proteins
B. Functional Proteins - tertiary structure - globular proteins

185
Q

Regulate Body Functions

A

Acid-base Balance → hemoglobin
b.Muscular Contraction → actin & myosin
c.Protection → antibodies

186
Q

Energy Source

A

Not desired or recommended
b.Used when CHO/Lipids limited

187
Q

Catalyst for Chemical Reactions

A

Enzymes - biological catalysts
a.Regulate/control/enhance chemical reactions
b.Not all proteins are enzymes but all enzymes are proteins - globular proteins

188
Q

○Positive Nitrogen Balance

A

if synthesis exceeds breakdown - growing children, tissue repair, pregnancy

189
Q

Negative Nitrogen Balance

A

if breakdown exceeds synthesis - starvation, stress, burns, infection, or injury

190
Q

Building blocks of proteins?

A

Animo acids

191
Q

How many amino acids are there? “Building blocks”

A

20

192
Q

How many essential?

A

9

193
Q

How many nonessential?

A

11

194
Q

Essential vs nonessential?

A

We need to consume EAAs

195
Q

Complete proteins vs uncomplete proteins?

A

Complete has all 9 AA, I complete does not

196
Q

Complete protein food groups?

A

Animal products+ a few plant products

197
Q

Incomplete protein food groups?

A

Plants-veggies,nuts,seeds,grains,fruit

198
Q

Percentage of body weight

A

17%

199
Q

Protein % coming from diet

A

15-20%

200
Q

What is special about R-groups

A

“Name tag”; unique side chain, chemical prop

201
Q

4 structure subclassifications?

A

Primary(nice long line) ,secondary(linked, alpha helix), tertiary,quanterary

202
Q

Tiberius classification & role(s) in the body?

A

Fibrous= structure; secondary

203
Q

Globular classification & role(s) in body

A

Globular= functional;tertiary

204
Q

Protein denaturation

A

Shape change by breaking bonds

205
Q

4 protein functions

A

Structure/function,regulate,energy,catalysis

206
Q

Are all enzyme proteins? T/F

A

T

207
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

Rate of intake/synthesis vs breakdown in the tissue /loss

208
Q

Vitamins organic or inorganic?

A

Organic

209
Q

Minerals organic or inorganic?

A

Inorganic

210
Q

Nuclei acid organic or inorganic?

A

Organic

211
Q

Water organic or inorganic?

A

Inorganic

212
Q

What % of body weight do vitamins make up?

A

Minimal
Minerals= 4%
Nuclei acid= 2%
Water= 60–65%

213
Q

Vitamins two sub classifications?
What make up each?

A

Fat & Water soluble
A-ADeK & BC

214
Q

Two subclassicfication of water in the body?

A

Intracellular(40%) & extracellular (20%)

215
Q

Building blocks of nuclei acids?

A

Nucleotides

216
Q

Two subclassifications of nucleic acids

A

DNA & RNA

217
Q

Location of each subclassifcation

A

DNA= Nucleus
RNA-Cytoplasm

218
Q

What is ATP

A

Cell energy currency, stores energy

219
Q

Main parts of a cell are:

A

1-nucleus
2- membrane
3-cytoplasm

220
Q

Cell membrane is made up of what percentages of lipid,carbs and proteins

A

Lipid-40%
Carbs-50%
Protein- 10%

221
Q

The membrane channels/pumps are made up of what compound?

A

Proteins

222
Q

Type 1 diabetes- insulin sensitivity or production issues?

A

Insulin production issues-> pancreas

223
Q

What membrane transport system that requires energy?

A

Active

224
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Unassisted can diffuse through the membrane
Nonpolar
Gasses

225
Q

Facilitated

A

Polar

226
Q

Osmosis

A

Water diffuse accross
Aqua—-

KNR 182(2) (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions