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Drugs And The Brain > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

 nerve cells that form the brain spinal cord and nerves that transmit electrical signals throughout the body

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Cell body of a neuron containing all the organelles needed to maintain the cell

A

Soma

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3
Q

Projections from the soma that receive signals and information from other cels

A

Dendrites

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4
Q

Long tubular extension from the soma of the nerve cell that conducts electrical signals away from the cel body and toward the axon terminals

A

Axon

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5
Q

The segment of axon adjacent to the soma where the action potential is first generated

A

Axon hillock

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6
Q

Small enlargements at the axon terminal, in close proximity to the postsynaptic cell, containing synaptic vesicles. Also known as boutons

A

Terminal buttons

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7
Q

Chemical substances packaged in synaptic vesicles and released by neurons to communicate across synapses with other neurons , muscles cells, secretory cells, or cells comprising other tissues/organs

A

Neurotransmitters

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8
Q

A fatty insulating sheath surrounding many axons that increases the speed of nerve conduction. It is produced by oligondendrocytes in the CNS and by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system

A

Myelin

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9
Q

Ion channels that are normally in a closed configuration that can be opened momentarily by specific stimuli

A

Gated channels

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10
Q

Type of ion channels that are regulated by volatage differences across the membrane

A

Voltage-gated channels

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11
Q

Group of ion channels that are regulated by a ligand binding to a receptor site associated with that channel

A

Ligand-gated channels

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12
Q

Glial cells that myelinate perirpheral nerve axons

A

Schwann cells

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13
Q

Star shaped glial cells that have numerous extensions and that modulate the chemical environment around neurons, metabolically assist neurons, and provide phagocytosis for cellular debris

A

Astrocytes

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14
Q

Small nonneuronal cels in the CNS that collect at points of cell damage or inflammation and demonstrate phagocytosis behavior

A

Microglia

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15
Q

The difference in the electrical charge inside a neuron at rest compared to the outside. The inside of the cell is more negative, and that potential is -70mV

A

Resting membrane potential

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16
Q

Force drawing an ion to either side of the cell membrane in an attempt to balance or neutralize ionic charges

A

Electrostatic pressure

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17
Q

Major depolarization generated in the axon hillock that is transmitted down the axon

A

Action potential

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18
Q

Membrane potential, typically -50mV, at which voltage gated NA+ channels will open, generating an action potential

A

Threshold

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19
Q

Small localized short-lived change in voltage across the cell membrane following the opening of ligand-gated channels

A

Local potentials

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20
Q

Change in membrane potential making the inside of the cell more positive, increasing the likelihood that the cel will have an action potential

A

Depolarization

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21
Q

Change in membrane potential making the inside of a cell more negative relative to the resting potential, reducing the likelihood that the cell will fire an action potential

A

Hyperpolerization

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22
Q

Small localized membrane depolarizations of a post synaptic neuron that result from neurotransmitters binding to specific receipts that open ion channels. Move the membrane potential closer to the threshold for firing

A

Excitatory post - synaptic potentials (EPSPs)

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23
Q

Hyperolarzing responses of a postsynaptic cell typically resulting from neurotransmitter-mediated ion channel opening

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

24
Q

Process at the axon hillock whereby several small depolarizations or hyperpolerizations will summary to create a larger change in membrane potential. Because of the same additive effects, simultaneous depolarizations and hyperpolarizations tend to cancel each other out

A

Integration

25
Q

Located toward the top of the brain and back of the body in humans

A

Dorsal

26
Q

Located toward the underside of the brain or front of the body in humans

A

Ventral

27
Q

Located near the top of the brain in humans

A

Superior

28
Q

Located toward the underside of the brain in humans

A

Inferior

29
Q

Located near the front or head there be or an organism

A

Anterior

30
Q

Located near the front or head end of the nervous system

A

Rostral

31
Q

Located near the back or rear of the nervous system

A

Posterior

32
Q

The tail end of the nervous system is caudal or posterior

A

Caudal

33
Q

Located near the center or midline of the body or brain

A

Medial

34
Q

Located to either side of the body or brain

A

Lateral

35
Q

Division of the automatic nervous system responsible for providing energy expenditure to deal with a challenge by triggering the “fight-or flight” response: increasing the heart rate, blood pressure, stimulating adrenaline secretion, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscles

A

Sympathetic division

36
Q

Division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for conserving energy, digestion, glucose and nutrient storage, slowing the heart rate, and decreasing respiration

A

Parasympathetic division

37
Q

Component of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of the body movements via the use of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system

38
Q

Component to the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion , and sexual arousal

A

Autonomic

39
Q

Portion of the brain, consisting of the medulla, pons, and midbrain

A

Brainstem

40
Q

Structure located in the caudal brain stem responsible for regulating heart rate, digestion, respiration, blood pressure, coughing, and vomiting

A

Medulla

41
Q

Large structure of the metebcephalon that is located on the dorsal surface of the brain and that is connected to the pond by the cerebellar peduncles. It is an important sensorimotor control center of the brain

A

Cerebellum

42
Q

Larg st part of the brain stem located under the midbrain and above medulla onlongata. Handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as sleep wake cycle and breathing

A

Pons

43
Q

Structure of the diencephalon that is responsible for processing and distributing sensory and notes signals to the appropriate section of the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

44
Q

Structure of the diencephalon (which is part of the forebrain) located at the base of the brain., ventral to the thalamus. It provides many functions important for survival, including the maintenance of body temperature and salt balance, regulation of hunger and thirst, control of the ANS and pituitary gland, and modulation of emotional responses

A

Hypothalmus

45
Q

Nuclei of the telencephalon that includes the caudate, putamen, and Globus pallidus, help regulate motor control

A

Basal ganglia

46
Q

Neural network that integrates emotional responses and regulates motivated behavior, reinforcement, and learning. Some major structures include the limbic cortex, amygdala, nucleus acumbens, and hippocampus

A

Limbic system

47
Q

Small groves of the cerebral cortex

A

Sulci

48
Q

Bulges of tissue between the grooves in the cerebral cortex

A

Gyri

49
Q

Deep grooves of the cerebral cortex

A

Fissures

50
Q

Large pathway connecting corresponding areas of the two brain hemispheres, allowing communication between each half of the brain

A

Corpus callosum

51
Q

One of the four lobes. It contains the somatosensory cortex and helps integrate information about body senses

A

Partial lobe

52
Q

The lobe that contains the visual cortex and helps integrate visual info

A

Occipital lobe

53
Q

The lobe that contains the auditory cortex and helps integrate auditory information

A

Temporal lobe

54
Q

The lobe responsable for movement and executive planning

A

Frontal lobe

55
Q

What is the difference between a ligand-gated channel and voltage-gated channel ?

A

The differences lie in their activation mechanisms and functions. Ligand channels are activated by ligand binding and are involved in chemical signaling and synaptic transmission. In contrast, voltage-gated channels are activated by changes in membrane potential and are important for the initiation of action potentials in neurons

Drugs And The Brain (12 decks)

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