Chapter 1 Flashcards
Movement of a drug from the site of administration to the circulatory system
Absorption
Rapid tolerance formed during a single administration of a drug as is the case with alcohol
Acute tolerance
Drug interactions characterized by the collective sum of the two individual drug effects
Additive effects
Of a molecule to buy into a receptor, which then determines potency
Affinity
Star shaped glial cells that have numerous extensions and modulate the chemical environment around neurons metabolically assist, neurons, and provide phagocytosis  for cellular debris
Astrocytes
The collective term for astrocytes
Astroglia
The reduced effectiveness of a drug administered chronically that involves learning, either instrumental or classical conditioning
Behavioral tolerance
A metabolic process that converts an inactive drug into an active one
Bioactivation
Concentration of drug present in the blood that is free to bind to specific target sites
Bioavailability 
Quantifiable biological process that can be used to determine the presence of disease as well as therapeutic or toxic effects of a drug
Biomarker
activation of a drug through a chemical change, usually by metabolic processes, catalyzed by enzymes in the liver
Bio transformation 
Fluid that surrounds The brain and spinal cord providing cushioning that protects against trauma. It also fills the cerebral ventricles in the central canal of the spinal cord.
Cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]
Pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus becomes a condition stimulus in a listens a response that is similar to the original unconditioned response. This type of learning has a role in drug use and tolerance.
Classical conditioning .
That binds to a receptor, but has little or no efficacy when it competes with an agonist for receptor sites, it reduces the effect of the agonist
Competitive antagonists

Difference in an ounce, or concentration of a substance on each side of a biological. Such as the cell membrane.
Concentration gradient
Produce the opposite effect of typical agonist of that receptor
Inverse agonists
have a lower intrinsic activity at receptors than full agonists, allowing them to act either as a functional agonist or a functional antagonist, depending on the surrounding levels of naturally occurring neurotransmitter
I have a little efficacy for juicing week or biological effects than a full Agnes hence the act as agonist at some receptors and antagonist at others, depending on the regional concentration of full Agnes these were previously called mixed agonist antagonist
Partial agonist
Receptor proteins and produce no cellular affect after binding , and also prevent an active ligand from binding
Receptor antagonists
Finding initiate a biological action, e.g., the ability of an agonist to activate it’s receptor
Efficacy
Neurochemicals or drugs that can bind to a particular receptor protein, and alter the shape of the receptor to initiate a cellular response
Receptor agonists
Molecule that selectively binds to a receptor
Ligand
A part of the cell that binds with specific ligands to initiate specific biological changes within the cell
Receptors
Physiological in bio chemical interactions of a drug with the target tissue responsible for the drugs effects
Pharmacodynamics
Amount of drug necessary to produce a specific response. It is dependent on the Infiniti of the drug for the receptor in the strength of the signaling mechanism, elicited by the drug receptor complex.
Potency
Relationship between the drug does that result in a toxic response in the dose required for the desired biological response it is represented by the equation TI equals TD subscript 50 divided by ED subscript 50 where TD subscribe 50 is the dose that is toxic for 50% of the population and ED subscript 50 is the effective dose for 50%
Therapeutic index
Reduce the effects of an agonist, but do not compete at the receptor site. The drug me buying to inactive portion of the receptor disturb the cell membrane around the receptor or interrupt The cellular processes initiated by the Agonist receptor association.
Non-competitive antagonists
Direction characterized by two drugs, that act and distinct ways, and reduce each other’s effectiveness in the body
Physiological antagonism
Interactions characterized by the collective, some of the two individual drug effects
Additive effects
Direction characterized by an increase in effectiveness greater than the collective, some of the individual drugs
Potentiation
What drug as a direct result of repeated drug exposure
Tolerance
Tolerance to a specific drug can reduce the effectiveness of another drug in the same class
Cross tolerance
Type of tolerance to a drug that is characterized by a reduced amount of drug available at the target tissue often as a result of more rapid drug metabolism
Drug disposition tolerance
Also called drug disposition tolerance. Type of tolerance to a drug that is characterized by reduce amount of drug available at the target tissue often as a result of more rapid drug metabolism.
Metabolic tolerance
Type of tolerance formed by changes in nerve cell functions in response to the continued presence of a drug
Pharmacodynamic tolerance
Physiological state that occurs at drug sensation in an individual following chronic drug use. It is the defining element of physical dependence.
Withdrawal syndrome
Developed need for a drug, such as alcohol or opioids by the body as a result of prolonged drug use termination of drug use, will lead to withdrawal syndrome symptoms
Physical dependence
Type of learning in which animals learn to respond to obtain rewards and avoid punishment. It explains drug tolerance, when an animal learns to engage in behavior, when under the influence of a drug.
Operant conditioning
Condition, characterized by better performance of a particular task that was learned in a drugged state in the same drugged state rather than in a non-drugs date tasks learned in a non-drug state, or likewise perform better in a non-drugged state
State. Dependent learning.
Response to a particular drug after repeated drug exposure, also called reverse tolerance
 Sensitization
Study of the genetic basis for variability in drug response among individuals
Pharmacogenetics
Role of epigenetic modifications, an individual variation in response to drug effects
Pharmacoepigenetics
Is to a gene arising from environmental or behavioral factors that can influence gene function
Epigenetic
Liver enzymes in the microsomal enzyme, group responsible for both phase 1 and phase 2 biotransformation of psychoactive drugs
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
Liver cells responsible for metabolizing, exogenous substances such as drugs
Microsomal enzymes
The desired blood concentration of drug achieved, when the absorption/distribution phase is equal to the metabolism/excretion face
Steady state plasma level
 Process of drug elimination, characterized by a constant rate of drug removal from the body, regardless of drug concentration in the blood
Zero-order kinetics
In active sites where drugs accumulate, There is no biological affect from drugs, biting at the site nor can they be metabolized
Drug depots
Type of drug interaction involving binding to an inactive site, such as to proteins in the plasma to bone or to fat
Depot binding
Connection between cells characterized by a fusing of a joining cell membranes in cerebral capillaries. The lack of small gaps prevents the movement of molecules across the capillary wall of molecules are lipid soluble
Tight junctions
Including a virus, drug environmental, pollutants radiation that induces abnormal fetal development causing birth defects
Teratogens
Quantifiable determine the presence of disease as well as therapeutic or toxic effects of a drug
Bio marker
Taking multiple blood samples to directly measure plasma levels of a drug after administration to identify the optimum dosage for maximum therapeutic potential and minimal side effects
Therapeutic Drug monitoring
 Molecular changes associated with the drug binding to particular target site or receptor
Drug action
Alterations in physiological, or psychological functions associated with a specific drug
Drug effects
UnDesired, physical, or behavioral changes associated with a particular drug
Side effects
 Physical or behavioral changes associated with bio chemical interactions of a drug with the target site
specific drug affects
Change is not associated with the chemical activity. The truck receptor interaction, but with certain unique characteristics of the individual such as present mood or expectations of drug effects
Nonspecific drug effects
Phenomenon in which the liver metabolizes some of a drug before it can circulate through the body, particularly when the drug has been taken orally
First-pass metabolism
Drug delivery method requiring placement of the drug, (sometimes in the form of a suppository) in the rectum
Rectal administration
Study of the actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms
Pharmacology
Area of pharmacology specializing in drug induced changes in mood thinking and behavior
Psychopharmacology
