Chapter 1

Question 1

Movement of a drug from the site of administration to the circulatory system

Answer 1

Absorption

Question 2

Rapid tolerance formed during a single administration of a drug as is the case with alcohol

Answer 2

Acute tolerance

Question 3

Drug interactions characterized by the collective sum of the two individual drug effects

Answer 3

Additive effects

Question 4

Of a molecule to buy into a receptor, which then determines potency

Answer 4

Affinity

Question 5

Star shaped glial cells that have numerous extensions and modulate the chemical environment around neurons metabolically assist, neurons, and provide phagocytosis  for cellular debris

Answer 5

Astrocytes

Question 6

The collective term for astrocytes

Answer 6

Astroglia

Question 7

The reduced effectiveness of a drug administered chronically that involves learning, either instrumental or classical conditioning

Answer 7

Behavioral tolerance

Question 8

A metabolic process that converts an inactive drug into an active one

Answer 8

Bioactivation

Question 9

Concentration of drug present in the blood that is free to bind to specific target sites

Answer 9

Bioavailability 

Question 10

Quantifiable biological process that can be used to determine the presence of disease as well as therapeutic or toxic effects of a drug

Answer 10

Biomarker

Question 11

activation of a drug through a chemical change, usually by metabolic processes, catalyzed by enzymes in the liver

Answer 11

Bio transformation 

Question 12

Fluid that surrounds The brain and spinal cord providing cushioning that protects against trauma. It also fills the cerebral ventricles in the central canal of the spinal cord.

Answer 12

Cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]

Question 13

Pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. Eventually, the neutral stimulus becomes a condition stimulus in a listens a response that is similar to the original unconditioned response. This type of learning has a role in drug use and tolerance.

Answer 13

Classical conditioning .

Question 14

That binds to a receptor, but has little or no efficacy when it competes with an agonist for receptor sites, it reduces the effect of the agonist

Answer 14

Competitive antagonists


Question 15

Difference in an ounce, or concentration of a substance on each side of a biological. Such as the cell membrane.

Answer 15

Concentration gradient

Question 16

Produce the opposite effect of typical agonist of that receptor

Answer 16

Inverse agonists

Question 17

have a lower intrinsic activity at receptors than full agonists, allowing them to act either as a functional agonist or a functional antagonist, depending on the surrounding levels of naturally occurring neurotransmitter

I have a little efficacy for juicing week or biological effects than a full Agnes hence the act as agonist at some receptors and antagonist at others, depending on the regional concentration of full Agnes these were previously called mixed agonist antagonist

Answer 17

Partial agonist

Question 18

Receptor proteins and produce no cellular affect after binding , and also prevent an active ligand from binding

Answer 18

Receptor antagonists

Question 19

Finding initiate a biological action, e.g., the ability of an agonist to activate it’s receptor

Answer 19

Efficacy

Question 20

Neurochemicals or drugs that can bind to a particular receptor protein, and alter the shape of the receptor to initiate a cellular response

Answer 20

Receptor agonists

Question 21

Molecule that selectively binds to a receptor

Answer 21

Ligand

Question 22

A part of the cell that binds with specific ligands to initiate specific biological changes within the cell

Answer 22

Receptors

Question 23

Physiological in bio chemical interactions of a drug with the target tissue responsible for the drugs effects

Answer 23

Pharmacodynamics

Question 24

Amount of drug necessary to produce a specific response. It is dependent on the Infiniti of the drug for the receptor in the strength of the signaling mechanism, elicited by the drug receptor complex.

Answer 24

Potency

Question 25

Relationship between the drug does that result in a toxic response in the dose required for the desired biological response it is represented by the equation TI equals TD subscript 50 divided by ED subscript 50 where TD subscribe 50 is the dose that is toxic for 50% of the population and ED subscript 50 is the effective dose for 50%

Answer 25

Therapeutic index

Question 26

Reduce the effects of an agonist, but do not compete at the receptor site. The drug me buying to inactive portion of the receptor disturb the cell membrane around the receptor or interrupt The cellular processes initiated by the Agonist receptor association.

Answer 26

Non-competitive antagonists

Question 27

Direction characterized by two drugs, that act and distinct ways, and reduce each other’s effectiveness in the body

Answer 27

Physiological antagonism

Question 28

Interactions characterized by the collective, some of the two individual drug effects

Answer 28

Additive effects

Question 29

Direction characterized by an increase in effectiveness greater than the collective, some of the individual drugs

Answer 29

Potentiation

Question 30

What drug as a direct result of repeated drug exposure

Answer 30

Tolerance

Question 31

Tolerance to a specific drug can reduce the effectiveness of another drug in the same class

Answer 31

Cross tolerance

Question 32

Type of tolerance to a drug that is characterized by a reduced amount of drug available at the target tissue often as a result of more rapid drug metabolism

Answer 32

Drug disposition tolerance

Question 33

Also called drug disposition tolerance. Type of tolerance to a drug that is characterized by reduce amount of drug available at the target tissue often as a result of more rapid drug metabolism.

Answer 33

Metabolic tolerance

Question 34

Type of tolerance formed by changes in nerve cell functions in response to the continued presence of a drug

Answer 34

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

Question 35

Physiological state that occurs at drug sensation in an individual following chronic drug use. It is the defining element of physical dependence.

Answer 35

Withdrawal syndrome

Question 36

Developed need for a drug, such as alcohol or opioids by the body as a result of prolonged drug use termination of drug use, will lead to withdrawal syndrome symptoms

Answer 36

Physical dependence

Question 37

Type of learning in which animals learn to respond to obtain rewards and avoid punishment. It explains drug tolerance, when an animal learns to engage in behavior, when under the influence of a drug.

Answer 37

Operant conditioning

Question 38

Condition, characterized by better performance of a particular task that was learned in a drugged state in the same drugged state rather than in a non-drugs date tasks learned in a non-drug state, or likewise perform better in a non-drugged state

Answer 38

State. Dependent learning.

Question 39

Response to a particular drug after repeated drug exposure, also called reverse tolerance

Answer 39

 Sensitization

Question 40

Study of the genetic basis for variability in drug response among individuals

Answer 40

Pharmacogenetics

Question 41

Role of epigenetic modifications, an individual variation in response to drug effects

Answer 41

Pharmacoepigenetics

Question 42

Is to a gene arising from environmental or behavioral factors that can influence gene function

Answer 42

Epigenetic

Question 43

Liver enzymes in the microsomal enzyme, group responsible for both phase 1 and phase 2 biotransformation of psychoactive drugs

Answer 43

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)

Question 44

Liver cells responsible for metabolizing, exogenous substances such as drugs

Answer 44

Microsomal enzymes

Question 45

The desired blood concentration of drug achieved, when the absorption/distribution phase is equal to the metabolism/excretion face

Answer 45

Steady state plasma level

Question 46

 Process of drug elimination, characterized by a constant rate of drug removal from the body, regardless of drug concentration in the blood

Answer 46

Zero-order kinetics

Question 47

In active sites where drugs accumulate, There is no biological affect from drugs, biting at the site nor can they be metabolized

Answer 47

Drug depots

Question 48

Type of drug interaction involving binding to an inactive site, such as to proteins in the plasma to bone or to fat

Answer 48

Depot binding

Question 49

Connection between cells characterized by a fusing of a joining cell membranes in cerebral capillaries. The lack of small gaps prevents the movement of molecules across the capillary wall of molecules are lipid soluble

Answer 49

Tight junctions

Question 50

Including a virus, drug environmental, pollutants radiation that induces abnormal fetal development causing birth defects

Answer 50

Teratogens

Question 51

Quantifiable determine the presence of disease as well as therapeutic or toxic effects of a drug

Answer 51

Bio marker

Question 52

Taking multiple blood samples to directly measure plasma levels of a drug after administration to identify the optimum dosage for maximum therapeutic potential and minimal side effects

Answer 52

Therapeutic Drug monitoring

Question 53

 Molecular changes associated with the drug binding to particular target site or receptor

Answer 53

Drug action

Question 54

Alterations in physiological, or psychological functions associated with a specific drug

Answer 54

Drug effects

Question 55

UnDesired, physical, or behavioral changes associated with a particular drug

Answer 55

Side effects

Question 56

 Physical or behavioral changes associated with bio chemical interactions of a drug with the target site

Answer 56

specific drug affects

Question 57

Change is not associated with the chemical activity. The truck receptor interaction, but with certain unique characteristics of the individual such as present mood or expectations of drug effects

Answer 57

Nonspecific drug effects

Question 58

Phenomenon in which the liver metabolizes some of a drug before it can circulate through the body, particularly when the drug has been taken orally

Answer 58

First-pass metabolism

Question 59

Drug delivery method requiring placement of the drug, (sometimes in the form of a suppository) in the rectum

Answer 59

Rectal administration

Question 60

Study of the actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms

Answer 60

Pharmacology

Question 61

Area of pharmacology specializing in drug induced changes in mood thinking and behavior

Answer 61

Psychopharmacology