Exam 1 Flashcards
Signals cross from one neuron to the next by way of
Chemical neurotransmitters
The saclike structures in the presynaptic terminal are call ____ and are filled with ____
Synaptic vesicles; neurotransmitter molecules
True or false: synapses can only exist between the terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another
False
Which of the following does not include the classical neurotransmitters: nueropeptided, amino acids, acetylcholine, or monoamines
Neuropeptides
Which of the following is not a monoamine neurotransmitter ? Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, or glutamate?
Glutamate
Which neurotransmitter is basically a category by itself ?
Acetylcholine
What class of neurotransmitters is carried via anterograde axoplasmic transport ?
Neuropeptides
The liver and kidneys work together to ___ and ____ drugs respectively
Metabolize, excrete
Neurons rely on ___ for protection metabolic support and insulation
Glial cells
The function of the axon is to transmit the ___ , which is generated at the ____, to the terminals
Action potential; axon hillock
With regard to glial cells, _____ form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system ( brain and spinal cord), while ___ do things like help form the blood-brain barrier and collect used neurotransmitter following release from the terminal
Oligodendroglia; astrocytes
Anterograde axoplasmic transport serves to move neurotransmitter molecules from ___ to ___
Soma to terminal
The primary immune response in the CNS comes from the action of
Microglia
The ___ is best described as the result of the selective permeability of the neuronal membrane and the uneven distribution of ions inside and outside the cell.
Resting membrane potential
The sodium-potassium pump helps to maintain the ____ by pumping three NA+ ions out for every two k+ ions pumped into the cell
Resting membrane potential
The term “hyperpolarization” refers to
Movement of the resting membrane potential farther from threshold (more negative).
Excitatory postsynaptic potential’s can be caused by ____channels opening while inhibitory postsynaptic potential’s can be caused by ___channels opening
Na+; Cl- or k+
Potential difference in a rated at the axon hillock, because this is where ___ are located
Voltage gated NA+ channels
Which statement about local potentials are false ?
They occur only if threshold is reached
They are generated on the dendrites and cell body
They move passively along the membrane
They are integrated at the axon hillock
They occur only if threshold is reached
Local anesthetics, such as lidocaine,
Have their effects by blocking ____
Voltage gated NA+ channels
The ___ and ___ nervous system are components of the peripheral nervous system and what information about the internal and external environment, repsictively
Autonomic ; somatic
The ___ of the spinal cord is made up of myelinated axons that carries signals in the ascending direction to the brain and the descending direction for cortical control of muscle contraction
White matter
The neural network that regulates motivation and emotion is the
Limbic system
Which brain, structure, regulates the body’s respiration and heart rate
Medulla
Of the forebrain structure as we discussed, the ___ percent really involved in regulating movement and the___ are involved in emotion, motivated behavior and memory
Basal ganglia; limbic system
Structural unit of information transmission between two nerve cells. It consists of the presynaptic nerve terminal, the synaptic cleft, and a small area of the postsynaptic cell (typically associated with a dendrite or region of the cell body) that receives the incoming signal
Synapse
Small gap, about 20 nm wide, between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cels
Synaptic cleft
Neuron at a synapse that transmits a signal to the postsynaptic cel
Presynaptic cell
Neuron at a synapse that receives a signal from the presynaptic cel
Postsynaptic cell
Sac like structures located in the axon terminal that are filled with molecules or neurotransmitter
Synaptic vesicles
Essential building blocks of proteins, some of which also act as neurotransmitters
Amino acids
Refers to a compound or transmitter that contains a single amine group
Monoamines
List amino acids neurotransmitters
Glutamate
Y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glycine
List monoamines
Dopamine (da)
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Histamine
What type/ class of neurotransmitters are the classic ones ?
Amino acids, monoamines, Acetylcholine, purines
Small proteins (3 to 40 amino acids long) in the nervous system that act as neurotransmitters or Neuromodulation
Neuropeptides
Name an important lipid neurotransmitter
Anandamide
Chemicals that don’t follow the typical neurotransmitter model. They may regulate neurotransmitter activity or act at distant sites from point of release
Neuromodulators
Chemical that is used to make the product formed in a biochemical pathway
Precursor
Fatty molecules in the body. Major component of cel membranes and some of them act as neurotransmitters
Lipids
Substance in the ___ phase that acts as neurotransmitters in the body
Gases
The chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian cns. It’s principal role is reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.
GABA (y-aminobutyric acid)
An excitatory neurotransmitter with several types of receptors found throughout the cns, it’s metabolism is important to maintaining optimal levels within extra cellular space. Important to memory cognition and mood regulation
Glutamate
A neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory learning attention arousal and involuntary muscle movement
Acetylcholine
Glial cels that myelinate nerve axons of the CNS.
Oligodendroglia
Where would you find the synapse in relation to a neuron ?
The junction between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another through which the two neurons communicate
