Exam 1 Flashcards
Saponification
process of making soap
what reaction is used in saponification
base promoted ester hydrolysis
NaOH
bar soap
KOH
liquid soap
components of ester hydrolysis reactions
triglyceride + base = glycerol + 3NA + sodium palmitate
sodium palmitate
a soap
anti-bacterial
kills away more than necessary
soap micelle
bubble surrounding the bacteria
Triclosan
kills broad range of bacteria through type 2 fatty acid synthesis, doesn’t kill all (C diff)
human concerns of triclosan
-bodies were absorbing it causing endocrine disruption and risk factors for cancer
-antibiotic resistance
dioxin-like compounds
cancer-causing
environmental concern of triclosan
-over 50% of waterways surveyed had triclosan
-degradative products
-aquatic systems showing impacts
only thing showing the benefit of triclosan
Colgate total toothpaste
hand sanitizer
-alcohol-ethanol
-60-75%
-shouldn’t use with visibly soiled hands
alcohol resistant bacteria
-norovirus
-C diff
Vaccine
how we train out immune system to recognize pathogens
eradicated
no longer found int natural environments to cause disease
what disease is completely eradicated
smallpox
traditional vaccine
-attenuated, weakened but still alive
-strongest immune response
inactivated
-bacteria/virus is dead
-less of a response
-usually requires a booster
subunit/recombinant/polysaccharide
-Repetitive structure that attacks multiple targets
-increase immunogenicity
-adjuvants
adjuvants
present protein to pathogen
toxoid
-not a whole organism but something it secretes
-inactivated form of disease-causing agents
DNA/mRNA vaccines
-covid vaccine (mRNA not stable)
-action mRNA utilizes viral glycoprotein spikes
-delivered by lipid nanoparticles
mRNA stability
because of pseudouridine
rRNA
has protein to help with stability
tRNA
-clover leaf structure
-helps w stability
-secondary structure w modified bases
modified bases
keep mRNA stable in covid vaccine
added aptamer sequence is between…
-upstream gene start site
-downstream promoter
what does Aptamer do
-not disrupting mRNA just tagging
-has ability to selectively bind to other molecules once transcribed
media
nutrient preparation technique that provides a favorable environment for growth
3 forms
-liquid broth
-solid
-semi-soild
liquid broth
grows a large amount of microorganisms
soild media
-observe colony characteristic ans maintains pure cultures
-isolates pure cultures
plate solid media
best for observations and better SA
tube form of solid media
-more SA and maintains culture s
Robert koch
-physician and farmer
-potato slices and gelatinous cow eye
what do you need in a media plate?
nutrient prep and solidifying agent
what was used in solidifying the plate
gelatin adn then fanny hesse used agar
benefits of agar
-extracted from red algae
-no nutritional value
-stays solid
how much agar is used when making media
15g/L or 1.5% of total volume
complex nutrient prep
-at least one inredient that is not chemically defined: usually peptone, tryptone, meat and yeast extract
synthetic nutrient prep
chemically defined, tells you what and how much
petri dish
a vessel that holds culture
sterilization
removes and destroys all viable microorganisms
steam heat time in the autoclave
1 hour or less
dry heat in autoclave
takes 3-4 hours
when does steam start
startsa t 100 C but deesnt sterilize until 121 C
when does agar go into solution?
after boiling
how long in autoclave
-depends on volume
autoclave liquid setting
for media, time based volume
autoclave gravity setting
for glassware, 15-30 mins
