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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

comparative experiments are designed to answer questions that require

A

observation and comparison rather than controlled variables

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2
Q

a biologist who studies how individuals of a particular snake species differ form each other genetically is working at the level of the:

A

population

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3
Q

which of the following is not a characteristics of living things
- composed of cells
- reproduce asexually
- maintain their internal environment
- grow & develop
- use energy

A

all living things produce asexually

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4
Q

you phrase a statement in the form of a testable hypothesis. What is the next step?

A

do an experiment

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5
Q

which of the following elements are not among the 6 most common found in all living things?

A

potassium (common are C, N, H, S, O, and P)

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6
Q

the characteristics of molecules that are important to living things are that molecules ___

A
  1. are made up of atoms
  2. vary in size
  3. have 3D shape
  4. can be shared, polar or nonpolar
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7
Q

what elements are the 6 most common found in living things?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen

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8
Q

a population differs form a community in that a community ___

A

consists of many species

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9
Q

according to the levels of organization of life that we discussed, which level would include all the mockingbirds living on this campus?

A

population

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10
Q

oxygen gas (O2) in Earth’s early atmosphere ___

A

allowed organisms to move from the sea to land

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11
Q

by definition, homeostasis involves ___

A

the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment within the body

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12
Q

a population is ___

A

a group of individuals from the same species

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13
Q

according to the levels of organization, which level would include all the different species of life living at the Grenada Reservoir?

A

community

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14
Q

which of the following is the feature or component of organisms that allows for life in such a variety of environments on Earth?

A

adaptation

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15
Q

which of the following is considered a weak bond?

A

hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

the central dogma of biology refers to how

A

protein sequences are encoded by nucleotide bases in DNA

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17
Q

which of the following bonds is polar (N-N, C-H, C-N, C-C, or P-O)?

A

P-O

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18
Q

which of the following bonds is polar (C-C, C=O, P-O, C-H, or C=O and P-O)?

A

C=O and P-O

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19
Q

there are four types of biological molecules. which of the following is most to least?

A

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids

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20
Q

the isotopes of carbon, which are an important tool in biological research, differ from each other in ___

A

the number of neutrons

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21
Q

in a hydrogen atom (H2), the two atoms are held together by ___

A

a shared pair of electrons

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22
Q

nitrogen will always have the same number of

A

protons

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23
Q

which of the following is not a function of lipids (energy storage, cell membrane structure, act as vitamins, are hormones, and cell wall structure)

A

cell wall structure

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24
Q

which of the following is not a role of lipids (act as insulation, cell-cell attachment, store energy, compose the endomembrane system, and repel water)

A

involved in cell-cell attachment

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25
18O and 16O are ___ of the same element that differ in the number of ___
isotopes; neutrons
26
the bonding of 2 amino acid molecules to form a larger molecules requires ___ through a condensation reaction
the release of a water molecule
27
hydrogen bonds
interact with ions
28
you add liquid to beaker of water and it separates. what is the liquid?
lipids
29
condensation reactions between fatty acids and glycerol can result in the formation of (triglycerides, ester linkages, or covalent bonds)
all of these
30
a new chemical can be dissolved in water. what does this mean?
it is polar
31
you discover a molecule is hydrophilic. what else do you know?
it is a polar molecule
32
what joins the atoms in H2O?
covalent bond
33
what do polysaccharides, polypeptides, and polynucleotides have in common?
they are broken down in hydrolysis reactions
34
the cohesiveness among water molecules is directly due to
hydrogen bonds
35
which of the following is true about ionic bond?
one atom donates an electron to another
36
if phospholipids were placed in non-polar solution, would they still form a bilayer?
yes, but the polar ends would cluster away from (inside the bilayer) the solution
37
a molecule with the formula (C15H30O15) is a
carbohydrate
38
lipids form barriers in organisms. what makes them a good barrier?
many biologically important molecules are not soluble in lipids
39
the bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires ___ through a condensation reaction.
release of a water molecule
40
hydrogen bonds ___
interact with ions
41
which of the following statements about covalent bonds is true?
electrons may not be shared equally among all atoms
42
the cohesiveness among water molecules is directly due to
hydrogen bonds
43
which of the following properties are not associated with living things (create energy to do chemical reactions, consists of cells, evolving populations,maintenance of internal environment, genetic information stored in DNA)?
create energy to do chemical reactions
44
a single covalent bond represents the sharing of how many electrons?
two
45
which of the following is not true about hydrogen bonds?
they result from hydrogen being involved in a non-polar covalent bond
46
which of the following statements about fatty acid molecules is true?
they are composed of hydrocarbon tails and carboxyl group
47
which functional groups are polar?
hydroxyl: OH aldehyde: O=C-H keto: C=O
48
which functional groups are charged?
carboxyl (acidic): O=C-OH amino (basic)= H-N-H phosphate (acidic)= PO₄²⁻
49
which functional group is non polar?
methyl: CH₃
50
how do proteins form?
condensation reaction between carboxyl group (C=H) and amino group (N-H) forms peptide bond - to form polypeptides, the start is N terminus and end is C terminus
51
what are the 4 levels of protein folds?
primary: amino acids bond together by peptide chains secondary: polypeptides form alpha helixes or beta-pleated sheets by hydrogen bonds tertiary: polypeptides fold to form specific shapes by hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or hydrophobic interactions quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides fold to form larger protein by hydrogen, disulfide, or ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions
52
what are the 4 main roles of carbohydrates?
1. energy 2. used to transport stored energy 3. served as carbon skeleton that can be rearranged to form new molecules 4. form extracellular assemblies (cell wall)
53
what are oligosaccharides?
made up of 3-20 monosaccharides
54
how do you tell the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
alpha: has OH group on bottom and H on top beta: has H on bottom and OH group on top
55
what is the difference between RNA and DNA (pentoses sugar)?
DNA is missing one oxygen atom in carbon 2 in deoxyribose
56
what are the links between monosaccharides called?
glycosidic bonds
57
what are the functions of lipids?
- fats and oils store energy - phospholipids in cell membrane - carotenoids and chlorophylls help plants capture light - steroids and other modified fatty acids help hormones and vitamins - fats in animal bodies serve as insulation - lipid coating around nerve provides electrical insulation - oil/max provides water resistance
58
how to distinguish fats and oils?
fats are solid at room temperature while oils are liquid
59
how are triglycerides formed?
a glycerol group (molecule with three hydroxyl groups) and fatty acid with long non polar hydrocarbon chain and acidic. polar carboxyl group - bond used to make triglyceride is covalent bond called ester linkage
60
what are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acid?
monomers: nucleotides polymers: nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)
61
which of the following is not a function a membrane?
translation of protein
62
if you had 200 Na+ ions on one side and 100 on the other side, and if there were no Na+ channel then
water will move by osmosis toward the side with 200 ions
63
what is true about osmosis?
water will move across a membrane a region with more solute
64
in phospholipid bilayer, fatty acids in the interior of the membrane, which means the interior is ___
hydrophobic
65
each of the 20 amino acids has a unique ___ group
"R"
66
what are the most abundant elements in human skin cell?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
67
which molecules can move by simple diffusion?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
68
which of the is a function of cell membrane?
make compartments, cell recognition, signaling, and ion transport
69
the reactions that release water during formation of macromolecules is __
condensation
70
in condensation reaction, the atoms that make up water molecule come from?
both reactants
71
In a signal transduction, receptors
cause a change inside a cell when they bind to a signal
72
Two identical target cells are placed in separate dishes. When the target cells are exposed to the hormone adrenalin, Na+ ion levels increase inside the cells. However, when they are exposed to the hormone oxytocin, the cells do not respond in any way. This suggests that
the cell has receptors for adrenalin, but not oxytocin
73
Facilitated diffusion does not occur for which of the following?
glucose
74
what class of chemicals includes cholesterol and steroids?
lipids
75
If you were trying to make a membrane less fluid, you would add
phospholipids with saturated fatty acids
76
Oil and water do not mix easily because _______ cause the fat molecules of the oil to aggregate together in water.
non-polar interactions
77
If a cell uses an intracellular receptor to respond to a signal, which of the following is always true?
the signal must remain bound to receptor
78
what are the levels of protein in the phospholipid membrane?
Transmembrane: all the way through Peripheral: on the periphery (head) Integral: From one edge into the tail
79
What are the forms of active transport?
1. Uniport: move one substance in one direction 2. Symport: move two substances in the same direction 3. Antiport: move two substances in different directions 4. Coupled transporter: symport and anti port
80
what are the forms of molecules entering and exiting a cell?
1. Vesicles 2. Exocytosis 3. Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)
81
what are the ways a membrane receptor can control endocytosis?
-coated pits (clathrin) -receptor protein (specificity) -receptor-mediated endocytosis -example: Cholesterol
82
In the absence of oxygen, recycling NAD+ occurs using
fermentation
83
your cells interact with the COVID-19 virus because of ACE-2 receptor proteins that are embedded in your cell membrane. The ACE-2 receptors contains an alpha helix. The alpha helix is held together by which type of interactions?
hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amino groups of different amino acids
84
in proteins, what type of bond is responsible for protein primary structure?
covalent peptide bonds
85
which of of the following protein structures is destroyed by denaturation?
both secondary and tertiary
86
in signal transduction, receptors
bind to many signals
87
facilitated diffusion does not occur for which of the following?
CO2
88
what class of chemicals include cholesterol and steroids?
lipids
89
if you were trying to make a membrane less fluid, you would add
phospholipids with saturated fatty acid chains
90
the portion of phospholipid contains phosphorus group with a charge. this region is ___
hydrophilic
91
if a cell uses an intracellular receptor to respond to a signal, which of the following is always true a. signal will produce protein kinase cascade b. cell will use second messenger c. signal can bind to different places on receptor d. signal remains bound to receptor e. signal must bind to receptor inside nucleus
d. signal remains bound to receptor
92
in signal transduction, receptors ___
cause a change inside the cell when they bind to a signal

Bisc 160 (8 decks)

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