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pharmacology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

procanamide is an antidysrhytmic use for?
side effects?
warning?

A

a. paroxysmal atrial tach, supraventricular arhytmia
b: hypotension, bradycardia, heart blocks, prolong qt interval, wide qrs
warning: agruolocyte, neutropenia(low # of neutrophils), bone marrow depression, prolonged neuromuscular blockade

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2
Q

what specific medication is good for ventricular SVT, atrial dysrhytmia (rapid afib), hypertension. hint: its selective beta blocker, what type of drug is it? anti—

A

metoprolol, antidysrhytmic

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3
Q

what antidysrhytmic causes blue-gray skin color & may also cause hyper/hypothyroidism?

A

amiodorone
can also cause hepatic dysfunction, peripheral neuropathy: damage nerve located outside of brain & spinal cord

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4
Q

uses for amiodorone

A

vfib, vtach, afib, aflutter

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5
Q

name 4 types of antidysrhytmic

A

metoprolol, CCB (diltiazem, nefrodipin), amiodorone, procanamide

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6
Q

what do you need to monitor when giving antidysrhytmics? 5 things
what 3 things should you avoid?

A

liver enzymes (AST/ALT), renal function, monitor ecg (prolonged QT interval), monitor heart rate & bp
avoid alcohol, caffeine, tobocco

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7
Q

name a loop diuretic?
name 4 use of loop diuretic
what are some adverse reactions?
why should you put loop diuretic slow?
when should you not give loop diuretic

A

furosemide is a loop diuretic
its used for: HTN, ascites, pulmonary edema, heart failure, menieres disease (fluid buildup in inner ear), renal disease

tinnitus, permanent or reversible hearing loss, hypomagnesia, hypokalemia, hypERglycemia

put slow to protect hearing
dont give if the person has anuria: failure of the kidney to produce urine, and also cross-reactivity (allergic)

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8
Q

diuretic: thiazide
name 1
how is it diff from loop diuretic, what are some side effects?

A

hydroclorothiazide: first line of treatment for hypertension, dad had it first, before lisonopril
use for HF, edema
very similar except it causes hypERcalcemia
also causes hypomg, hypoK, hyponatremia,

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9
Q

what is spironolactone? and what it is used for?

A

A potassium-sparing diuretic
use for pt w/ hypokalemia, HF, PE, cirrhosis, ascites, HTN, nephotic syndrome, transender, primary hyperaldosteronism

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10
Q

what diuretic can causes metabolic acidosis as an adverse effects

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: ex: acetazolamide

carbonic anhydrase turn water + co2 into bicarbonate (hco3-), so if you inhibit that, it alkalizes the ph, or even stronger may cause acidosis

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11
Q

what diuretic helps treat primary hyperaldosteronism

A

potassium sparing diuretic, aka spironolactone (aldactone, caropsir)

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12
Q

an adverse reaction of a diuretic is and gynecomastia (large breast in boys), what diuretic is it?

A

K+ sparing diuretic, ex: spironolactone

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13
Q

what do carbonicanhydrase inhibitors do? name 1

A

a diuretic (ex: acetazolamide)
remove fluid from eyes (glaucoma)
use for metabolic acidosis, parathesia, steven johnson, altitude sickness

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14
Q

which diuretic is only offered in IV form and neuro status needs to be monitor
a. furosemide
b. acetazolamide
c. thiazide
d. mannitol

A

mannitol is an osmotic diuretic, only offered in IV form.
neuro status need to be monitor
that diuretic decreases pressure in the brain thats why.
adverse effects: pulmonary edema (if the fluid has nowhere to go after using the med), fluid/electrolyte imbalance
contraindications: HF, kidney failure, hyperglycemia

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15
Q

if a patient has hyperglycemia, which diuretic can they take? which can’t they take

A

they can take thiazide, acetazolamide (CA inhibitor)
they can’t take furosemide (loop diuretic), mannitol (osmotic diuretic), potassium sparing diuretic (spironolactone)

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16
Q

if someone has HF, which diuretic is not good for them?

A

mannitol

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17
Q

alpha 2 agonist (clonidine)
why is it not the preffered drug for hypertension?

A

rebound hypertensive if stopped abruptly

adverse effects: same as other antihypertensive med: bradycardia, hypotension, heart blocks, dizziness.
additionaly: peripheral edema, water retention

CLONI? NOT ME

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18
Q

you should not use beta blockers with

A

not advise to use with calcium channel blockers, antihypertensive, antidisrhytmic meds

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19
Q

what med can you use in severe hypertension?

A

hydralazine (a direct acting arteriolar vasodilator)
HEIR: hydralazine is emergency, recognize
can cause: palpitations, tachycardia, gi bleed, lupus symptoms, etc..

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20
Q

Prazosin

A

effective for blacks with HTN, also used to treat BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia): PRAZOSIN PROSTATIC, I took PRAZOSIN for my PROSTATE

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21
Q

I can use this hypertensive med with other medications, especially loop diuretic
negative: I can’t use for HF, heart block, cardio shock, severe bradycardia

A

carvediol: this cave combines well with this other cave

22
Q

what antihypertensive med cause angioedema cough, hyperkalemia?

A

lisonopril
treats hypertension and heart failure

23
Q

Losartan uses and side effects

A

like Lisonopril, Losartan is a hypertension medicine
can cause dizziness, diarrhea, insomnia

LIsonopril is better for Insomnia, b/c losartan may cause insomnia
Lisonopril also better for dIarrhea
but if someone has a cough, losartan is better

24
Q

when would you give losartan and when would you give lisonopril

-cough
-diarrhea
-insomnia
-

A

lisonopril better for diarrhea, insomnia
losartan is better for someone w/ a cough

25
Q

what medication is best for mild-moderate hypertension
a. hydralazine
b. lisonopril
c. aliskiren
d. losartan

A

Aliskiren: a direct renin inhibitor
it treats mild-moderate hypertension
adverse reaction: hypotension, peripheral edema, hyperkalemia, steven johnson syndrome, heart failure, diarrhea

26
Q

steven johnson syndrome is a reaction to a medication, it causes flu like symptoms, follow by a painful rash? which medication can cause steven johnson syndrome (3)

A

loop diuretic (furomeside), acetazolamdie (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor), aliskiren (antihypertensive)

27
Q

which med not good for heart failure? (3)

A

aliskiren (adverse reaction is HF)
osmosis diuretic (mannitol)
carvidelol

28
Q

which med is used for hypotension?
a. carvidelol
b. losartan
c. dopamine
d. dobutamine
e. c and d

A

c and d
dopamine and dobutamine uses in HF, hypotension, shock (except for hypovolemic), give fluids first if pt is in shock
side effects: tach, PVC, angina, N/V, piloerection, HTN
adverse effects: vfib, vtach, MI, monitor for dysrhytmia,

29
Q

WHICH LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION CANNOT BE USED FOR ACUTE ASTHMA EXACERBATION

A

LABA medications: long acting beta agonist
example is salmeterol

30
Q

someone w/ peanut allergy cannot use

A

LAMA (ipratropium
LAMA: long acting muscarinic antagonist
use for maintenance treatment of bronchospams associated w/ copd

side effects: dry mouth, sinnitus, upper respiratory tract infection, pharyngitis

31
Q

contraindications/considerations for antihistamine: 1st generation

A

impaired kidney or liver function
glaucoma patient cannot take benhydryl
pt w/ asthma
urinary retention
hypertension

also puts elderly at risk for dec bp, inc. confusion, inc. cognitive decline, inc. fall risk, dec. drug clearance

32
Q

sympathomimetic is a ——————————–
its used for ———————————
what are considerations?

A

sympathomimetic is a decongestant, ex: is pseudoepinephrine. its used for nasal congestion
considerations: HTN, cardiac disease, hyperthyroidism, DM, long term use for chronic rhinitis
-narrow angle glaucoma

33
Q

which med treats acute rhinitis?

A

sympathomimetic (oxymetazoline)
shrinks nasal mucous membrane, reduce fluid in secretion.
adverse effects: rebound nasal congestion
considerations: acts quickly, fewer side effects, frequent use cause tolerance, limit to 3-5 days

34
Q

intranasal glucocorticoid causes dry mucous membrane, name an ex of a med

A

fluticasone (anti-inflammatory)
-causes dry mucous membrane, sore throat, epistaxis

35
Q

which med can be used w/ H1 antihistamine

A

intranasal glucocorticoid (fluticasone)

36
Q

name an expectorant med and uses
name 1 toxicity

A

guaifenesin
treats cold & other upper respiratory tract infections that produce muccus, removal secretions easily

toxic if used w/ barbituates, antidepressants, so on

37
Q

antitussive, name 2

A

supress cough
codeine (opiod), non-opeid (dextromethorphan)
effects: drowsiness, sedation, cns depression, dizziness
-monitor when changing positions

38
Q

give antivirals within

A

give oseltamivir within 48hrs after symptoms of influenza

39
Q

side effects of paxlovid (ritonavir/nirmatrevil)

A

hypertension, diarrhea, dysgeusia, maylgia, anaphylaxis, rashes

40
Q

beta 2 agonist uses and effects

A

it causes bronchodilation to happen
-tachycardia, hyperglycemia

41
Q

what type of med is albuterol and name some side effects?

A

short acting beta 2 agonist, causes bronchodilation
use in asthma exacerbation, acute bronchospams
effects: tachy, palpitations, hyperglycemia, tremor, angina in CAD pt, rhinitis, excitability, it dec. potassium

42
Q

which med is good for asthma exacerbation and acute bronchospasm?

A

albuterol (short term, short acting beta 2 agonist)
also good for acute bronchospasm

43
Q

whats used for asthma, bronchospasm, stable COPD

A

stable (long term)
-long acting beta 2 agonist (LABA) (aka salmeterol)
effects: tachycardia, headache, tremor, nausea, palpitations

trend in lower resp I. beta 2 agonist: causes tremor, palpitations, tachy

44
Q

anticholinergics / long acting muscarinic antagonist

A

ipratropium
-relieves broncoscriction & reudce secretion
adverse effects: dry mouth, pharyngitis, sinutitis, upper resp. infecion
anticholinergic may cause: urinaryrentention, not good for glaucoma pt, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder neck obstruction

45
Q

sympathomimetic (mimic sympathetic)
epinephrine: explain

A

restore circulation, airway
use in anaphylaxis, angioedema nasal congestion, status athmaticus
advers effects: tremor, tachy, palpitations dysrhytmia, anigina
not good for pt w/ existing CAD, angina, MI

46
Q

mexylxanthine (theophyline)
uses
side effects

A

long term management of chronic stable asthma
effects (very bad): cardiovasculatory collapse, SEIZURE, GI distress, dizzy, dysrhytmias, bleeding, high sugar, tachycardia, palpitation
caution: seizure hx, cardia, renal, hepatic

47
Q

besides methylxanthine (theophyline), what other long term asthma med that also causes gi distress, confusion, in addition: suicideal thoughts

A

leukotrienes receptor antagonist
(montelukast): good form chronic asthma
caution: suicideal ideations, not good for acute ashtma or asthma exacerbation

48
Q

which med causes thrush (candida), dry ,outh, throat irritation, ostoporesis,psychsosis, fluid retention

A

glucocorticoids (ex: fluticasone, prednisone, methylprednisone): supress inflammation, supress edema.

49
Q

caution for glucocorticoids?

A

PUD, renal, lifer DM, HTN

50
Q

mucolytics (name 1)
antidode for ———————-
effects? caution?

A

mucolytics (N-acetylcysteine)
-antidote for acetaminophen overdose, also good for pulmonary toileting, mucus, pneumonia, inflammation
caution: no cough response, asthma

51
Q

what is good for long term allergy, seasonal allergy, exercised induced bronchospasm?

a. mucolytics
b. mast cell stabilizers
c. g;lucocorticoids
d. leukotriene receptor antagonist

A

mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn)
remember mast cells is IgE: allergic reactions

not effective against acute asthma

52
Q

which med cannot be used for acute asthma? (4)

A

mast cell stabilizers
salmeterol (LABA: long acting beta 2 agonist)
theophyline (methylxanthine)
Leukotriene receptor antagonist (montelukast)

pharmacology (5 decks)

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