Exam 1 Flashcards
frontal plane
separates dorsal and ventral
transverse plane
“cross-section”, cutting all the way across
median plane
mirror-reflected parts; left and right
axial skeleton
vertebral column, skull, ribs, sternum
appendicular skeleton
thoracic (front) and pelvic (hind) limbs
visceral skeleton
cartilaginous or skeletal structures to support organs like the heart, especially in large animals
rostral (head)
towards the nose
caudal (head)
towards the head
dorsal
towards the back
ventral
towards the belly
cranial
towards the head
caudal
towards the tail
dorsal (limbs)
front of the limb
palmar (limbs)
back of the limb on forelimbs
plantar (limbs)
back of the limb on pelvic limbs
distal
away from the trunk
proximal
towards the trunk
medial
closer to the center plane/mid-line
lateral
away from the center plane/mid-line
superficial
towards the surface of the skin
deep
away from the surface of the skin
sagittal section/plane
parallel to but slightly off mid line to a median section
brachium
the area between the shoulder and elbow joints
antebrachium
the area between the elbow and carpus
manus
includes the bones of the carpus and distal bones
the elbow is _____ to the carpus
proximal
the belly is _____
ventral
on the head, the nose is ____ to the ears
rostral
________is towards the surface of the skin
superficial
The surface of the thoracic limb that is located closer to the center plane/mid line of an animal is the ____ surface
medial
the surface of the manus that contact the ground is the _____ surface
palmar
a sectioning of an animal that results in a mirror image of two sides is a _____ plane
median
the plane that is present between the dorsal and ventral aspects of the animal is the ____ section
frontal
the manus is the _____
the bones of the carpus and distal bones (bones of the “hand” and digits)
each digit has ____ phalanges
three
The bones of the ________make up the manus
carpus, metacarpal bones, and phalanges
Identify the action: movement of the limb toward the body/midline
adduction
the flexor surface of the elbow is the ___ surface
cranial
the hole at the distal end of the canine humerus is called the
supratrochlear foramen
lateral rotation of the paw so that the palmar aspect points dorsally is called _____
supination
the flexor surface of the carpus is the ____ aspect of the carpus
palmar
the flexor surface of the carpus is the ____ aspect of the carpus
palmar
medial rotation of the paw so that the palmar aspect of the paw points downward (ventrally) or backward (caudally) is called
pronation
a major difference of the equine humerus is the presence of the ____
intermediate tubercle
when comparing our large animal species to the cat/dog, one way to accommodate more weight is to straighten the limb by _______
lengthening the distal part of the limb
the species that has one digit is the ____
equine
the lateral splint bone of an equine is also referred to as the _____
metacarpal bone IV
which digits do/does the cow have?
3rd and 4th
the middle phalanx is _____ to the metacarpophalangeal joint
distal
which species lacks an acromial process of the scapula?
horse
the deep digital flexor muscle has what action on the carpus?
flex
a connective tissue structure that attaches bone to bone is a _____
ligament
the dorsal connective tissue septum between the right and left halves of the body is the ____
median raphe
the “muscular joint” that attaches the thoracic limb to the trunk is called a/an
synsarcosis
A muscle that adducts the thoracic limb
deep pectoral
the muscle that attaches to the tuber olecranon is the ______
triceps brachii
a function of the common digital extensor is to
extend the carpus and digits
the main blood supply to the entire forelimb/thoracic limb is the _____ artery
axillary
the brachial artery of the ____ passes through the suprachondylar foramen as it travels distally down the brachium
feline
the vein that travels down the dorsal manus, which is the dorsal branch of the major vein of the thoracic limb is the ________
accessory cephalic
the ______ artery branches off the axillary artery and supplies the shoulder region
sub scapular
the teres major and teres minor muscles are innervated by the _____ nerve
axillary
the radial nerve innervates the ______ muscle
common digital extensor
the nerve that innervates the flexors of the elbow is the ______ nerve
musculocutaneous
stimulation of the sub scapular nerve will have what action on the shoulder?
extension
the deep branch of the radial nerve is responsible for ______
muscular innervation of extensors of the carpus and digits
the _____ nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the craniolateral and dorsal aspects of the distal limb
radial
the ______ nerve passes through the suprachondylar foramen with the brachial artery in the feline
median
the sub scapular nerve innervates the ____ muscle
subscapularis
synsarcosis
joining muscle=muscular joint
humerus location
brachium
radius and ulna location
antebrachium
carpal, metacarpal and phalanges location
manus
flexion
toward the cranial and palmar surface; decreases the angle between the proximal and distal bones
extension
toward the caudal and dorsal surface; increases the angle between distal and proximal bones
abduction
movement of the limb away from the body
adduction
movement of the limb towards the body
rotation
rotational movement around a joint
supination
lateral rotation of the paw; eat soup from a spoon
pronation
medial rotation of the paw so that the palmar aspect of the paw points downward/backward
scapula
attaches to the trunk via a synsarcosis
subscapularis
flat medial surface of the scapula
fossa
scooped out area of the bone
supraspinous fossa
scooped out area in front of the spine of the scapula (cranial)
infraspinous fossa
scooped out area behind the spine of the scapula (caudal)
scapulohumeral joint
shoulder joint
suprahamate process (metacromion)
addition to the acromion in felines only
glenoid cavity
articulation of the head of the humerus to form the scapulohumeral joint
tubercle
area of bone that points out, a rounded projection
greater tubercle
located on humerus, lateral, larger, point of shoulder
head of the humerus
articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, located on the caudal side of the humerus
supratrochlear foramen
canines only, above the trochlea of the humerus
supracondylar foramen
felines only, above the condyle of the humerus
the radius and ulna can rotate around each other to perform the action of _____
pronation and supination
olecrannon tuber
most proximal roughened surface of the olecrannon; where muscles attach
accessory carpal bone
site for muscular attachment, located on the palmar surface of the carpus, and on the lateral side
carpometacarpal joint
carpus articulates with metacarpal bones
most medial metacarpal bone in dogs
one
most lateral metacarpal bone in dogs
five
each metacarpal bone articulates with the proximal phalanx, forming the ____________
metacarpophalangeal joint
each digit has _______ phalanges
three; proximal, middle, distal
proximal interphalangeal joint
joint between each proximal and middle phalange
distal interphalangeal joint
joint between each middle and distal phalange
neck of the scapula
receding portion, most ventral part of scapula
serrated face
rough edges for muscle attachment
supraglenoid cavity
protrusion in front of glenoid cavity
scapular spine
long axis of scapula divided into cranial and caudal halves
acromion
distal extremity of the spine
deltoid tuberosity
the crest of the greater tubercle and the tricipital line
humeral condyle
trochlea + capitulum, primarily for weight bearing
intertubercular groove (horse)
divides the lesser and greater tubercles
medial epicondyle
larger, gives origin to the flexor muscles
lateral epicondyle
gives origin to the extensor muscles
radial notch
articulates with the articular circumference of the radius; forms medial+ lateral coronoid processes
trochlear notch
the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
anconeal process
the most proximal protrusion of the ulna
styloid process
Attachment to the short collateral ligament of the carpus
digitigrade
walk on digits, dogs and cats
unguligrade
walk on hooves, horses and cattle
radius/ulna in horses and cattle
completely or partially fused; no pronation/supination
metacarpus in horses
only MC III bears weight with MC II and MC IV as splint bones
metacarpus in cattle
fused MC III and MC IV, MC V is present and reduced, appearing more like a sesamoid bone
equine scapula
no acromion
bovine scapula
acromion, similar to dog
equine digits
only one digit (MC III), consisting of three bones; 2 sesamoid bones
bovine digits
two digits (MC III and MC IV), three bones; proximal and distal sesamoid bones
fascia
comprises of the layers of CT that separate the skin from underlying muscles and wraps around the individual muscles
superficial fascia
-loose CT located in the subcutis
-easily torn/separated, easily dissected away from underlying muscle
-contains fat deposits (in fat animals)
deep fascia
-deep to the superficial fascia
-composed of dense CT
-dense CT surrounds/separates individual muscles
-must be cut with scissors/scalpel
tendon
dense connective tissue structure that attaches muscle to bone or other CT
aponeurosis
a flat sheet of CT that attaches muscle to bone or other CT
ligament
dense CT that attaches bone to bone, common at joints
retinaculum
a connective tissue structure that holds tendons down, so to keep the tendons in place during movement
origin
the proximal tendon attachment
insertion
the distal tendon attachment
action
based on how is affects the joints it crosses
raphe
the dorsal connective tissue septum between the right and left halves of the body
bursa
-a synovial fluid-filled sac that reduces friction of a tendon on a bone
-not continuous with a joint capsule and tend to be associated with a bony process
extrinsic muscles
attach the limb to the trunk
list of extrinsic muscles in small animals
-superficial and deep pectoral
-brachiocephalicus
-omotransversarius
-trapezius
-cutaneous trunci
-latissimus dorsi
-rhomboideus
-serratus ventralis
superficial and deep pectoral mm. attachments
sternum and ventral median raphe to greater tubercle of the humerus
superficial and deep pectoral mm. action
adduction of the thoracic limb
deep pectoral m. attachments
sternum and ventral median raphe to the lesser tubercle of the humerus and to the greater tubercle via a aponeurosis
deep pectoral m. action
-adduction
-flex the shoulder joint
-extend the shoulder
-pull the limb caudally
brachiocephalicus m. location
arm to head
brachiocephalicus m. attachments
cranial part of the dorsal raphe and the distal cranial humerus
brachiocephalicus m. action
-advances limb
-extends shoulder
-turns the head/neck to the side
omotransversarius m. attachments
atlas to the shoulder blade (“omo”)
omotransversarius m. action
either advance the limb or flex the neck laterally
trapezius m. attachments
dorsal median raphe to the scapular spine
trapezius m. action
-the shrug muscle
-elevates and abducts the forelimb
rhomboideus m. attachments
the skull, vertebrae, and dorsal median raphe to the dorsal scapula
rhomboideus m. action
elevate the thoracic limb and draw the scapula to the trunk
cutaneous trunci m. action
twitch muscle
latissimus dorsi m. attachments
thoracolumbar fascia and teres major tuberosity of the humerus
latissimus dorsi m. action
-angel wing shape, VERY strong
-pulls the limb caudally and also flexes the shoulder joint “digging joint”
serratus ventralis m. attachments
cervical vertebrae and ribs to the serrated face of the medial scapula
serratus ventralis m. actions
-supports the attachment of the limb to the trunk
-depresses the scapula
intrinsic muscles
originate and insert somewhere on the limb
deltoids m. attachments
both heads insert on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
deltoids m. action
flex shoulder
deltoids m. spinous head
arises from the scapular spine
deltoids m. acromial head
arises from the acromion of the scapula
supraspinatus m. attachments
supraspinous fossa to the greater tubercle of the humerus
supraspinatus m. action
-extends the shoulder joint
-lateral arm rotation
infraspinatus m. attachments
infraspinous fossa to the greater tubercle of the humerus
infraspinatus m. action
-can either cause extension or flexion depending on the position
-can rotate the arm laterally
teres minor m. attachments
caudal scapula and infraglenoid tubercle to the trees minor tuberosity
teres minor m. action
flexion
stabilizes the shoulder
teres major m. attachments
caudal scapula to teres major tuberosity of the humerus
teres major m.
-flexion of the shoulder
-rotate the arm medially
triceps brachii m. heads and attachments (all the same)
long, accessory, medial, lateral
insert into the olecranon tuber of the ulna
long head of triceps brachii m.
-the only head that originates on the scapula at the caudal border, passing the caudal aspect of the shoulder joint
-flexion of the shoulder joint
lateral head of the triceps brachii m.
lies just distal to the long head and originates from the proximal humerus
accessory head of the triceps brachii m.
lies under the lateral head, originates from the neck of the humerus
medial head of the triceps brachii m.
seen from the medial side
triceps brachii m. action
all extend the elbow
biceps brachii m. attachment
supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula to the craniotomy-proximal radius and ulna
biceps brachii m. action
-flexes the elbow
-also extends the shoulder joint
brachialis m. attachment
proximal humerus to the craniotomy-proximal radius and ulna
brachialis m. action
flexes the elbow
extensor carpi radialis m. attachment
lateral distal humerus to base of MC II and MC III
extensor carpi radialis m. action
extends carpus
common digital extensor m. attachment
lateral epicondyle of the humerus to distal phalanx of digits II-V
common digital extensor m. action
extends carpus and digits
lateral digital extensor m. attachment
lateral epicondyle of the humerus to all the phalanges of digits III, IV and V
lateral digital extensor m. action
extends carpus and joints of digits III-V
ulnas lateralis m. attachment
lateral epicondyle of the humerus to accessory carpal bone and MC V
ulnas lateralis m. action
-flexes the carpus
-abducts the carpus
supinator m. action
rotate ante brachium laterally (supination) and flex elbow
supinator m. attachment
lateral epicondyle to cranial surface of radius
abductor pollicis longus m. attachment
craniolateral ulna to MC I
abductor pollicis longus m. action
abducts the thumb (digit 1), Pollicis refers to the thumb
pronator teres m. attachment
craniomedial aspect of the proximal antebrachium
pronator teres m. action
-to pronate: rotate the ante brachium medially
-flexes the elbow
flexor carpi radialis m. attachment
medial epicondyle of humerus to palmar base of MC II and III
flexor carpi radialis m. action
flexes carpus
superficial digital flexor m. attachment
medial epicondyle of humerus to palmar base of the middle phalanx of digits II, III, IV, and V
superficial digital flexor m. action
flexes carpus and metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalageal joints of digits II-V
flexor carpi ulnaris m. attachment
olecranon and medial epicondyle of humerus to accessory carpal bone
flexor carpi ulnas m. action
flexes carpus
deep digital flexor m. attachment
palmar base of distal phalanx of each digit
deep digital flexor m. action
flexes carpus and all joints of digits I-V
axillary a.
-the main blood supply to the forelimb
-becomes the brachial artery midway down the brachium
subscapular a.
-branches off the axillary artery midway between its origin and the elbow joint
-it supports the medial and lateral aspects of the shoulder region
brachial a. in felines
-the feline brachial artery passes through the suprachondylar foramen as it passes distally
common interosseous a.
short common trunk, last branch off brachial a. that dives between the radius and the ulna
median a.
-the continuation of the brachial a. after it gives off the common interosseous a.
-the main source off blood to the manus
cephalic v.
-cranial aspect of the ante brachium
-common for venipuncture and intravenous catheters
accessory cephalic v.
travels up the dorsal manus to meet cephalic v.
brachial plexus
-cluster of nerves that collectively supplies the thoracic limb
-located in the axilla (armpit)
suprascapular n.
lies ahead of the scapula, wraps around the neck of the scapula cranially, innervates the supra and infraspinatus mm.
subscapular n.
primarily innervates the subscapularis m.
what would a loss of innervation of the suprascapular n. affect?
stability of glenohumeral joint
axillary n.
situated in the axilla, dives into the medial musculature and travels into the lateral shoulder muscles in innervate teres major m., teres minor m., deltoideus m., and subscapuaris m.
radial n. innervates the ______________?
extensors of the elbow, carpus and digits
radial n. innervation path
triceps brachii mm. (all heads of muscle group)–> around the humerus–> very superficially on the elbow joint –> superficial and deep branch
radial n. superficial branch
follow cephalic v. and supplies cutaneous sensation to the craniolateral and dorsal aspects of the distal limb
radial n. deep branch
-supplies all craniolateral muscles of the antebrachium
-primarily focuses on the extension of the carpus and digits
musculocutaneous n.
-opposite of radial n.
-innervates the flexors of the elbow joint, the biceps brachii m., and the brachial m.
-also supplies cutaneous sensation to the medial aspect of the brachium and antebrachium
median n.
travels in common with the brachial a. on the medial aspect of the elbow
in felines, the median n. travels together with the ___________ through the suprachondylar foramen
brachial a.
ulnar n.
passes medially and is quite superficial
ulnar n. innervation
innervates the lateral metacarpus and entire 5th digit
median n. and ulnar n. innervations
cutaneous sensation to the caudal antebrachium/palmar manus and motor movement to the caudomedial mm. of the antebrachium
what nerve could cause pain if venipuncture of the cephalic vein is done incorrectly?
superficial branch of the radial nerve
what major nerve in the brachial plexus innervates the supra- and infraspinatus mm.?
supra scapular nerve
what nerve stimulates flexion of the elbow joint?
musculocutaenous n.
muscle that flexes the shoulder in the large animal
latissimus dorsi
function of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle in the horse
flex the carpus
the carpal check ligament attaches just distal to the carpus and attaches to the _____ muscle
deep digital flexor
which muscle is a prominent extension of cutaneous trunk m. that extends superficially across the shoulder region?
cutaneous omobrachialis
in the horse, the distal sesamoidean ligaments act to support the fetlock and keep it from _________
hyperextending
the part of the stay apparatus that connects the biceps brachii muscle to the extensor carpi radials muscle is called
lacerates fibrosis
the component of the stay apparatus that creates an unbroken line of force form the shoulder to the metacarpus is the _________
lacertus fibrosis
latissimus dorsi m. large animal attachments
thoracolumbar fascia and teres major tuberosity of the humerus
superficial pectoral m. large animal action
responsible for adduction and advancement of the thoracic limb
superficial pectoral m. large animal attachment
sternum, deltoid tuberosity and proximal antebrachium
serratus ventralis m. action large animal
support and raise the trunk, act as a sling for the trunk
cutaneous omobrachialis m. large animal
extension of the cutaneous trunci m. across the shoulder region
cutaneous colli m. attachment large animal
passes over the ventral neck
cutaneous colli m. large animal clinical relevance
helps to protect the carotid artery by separating it from the superficial jugular vein
brachiocephalicus m. large animal attachment
skull and cervical vertebrae to the deltoid tuberosity and the fascia associated with the shoulder and arm
brachiocephalicus m. large animal action
draws the limb cranially, extend the shoulder and extend the head and neck when both sides work together
omotransversarius m. large animal attachment
vertebrae to the spine of the scapula
omotransversarius m. large animal action
-flex the neck when both sides work together
-when one side is engaged it bends the neck laterally and advance the limb when the limb is not bearing weight
what makes the deltoids m. different in horses?
there is no acromial head, so one head
what makes the triceps brachii m. group different in horses?
the equine DOES NOT have an accessory head, so it only has three heads
lacertus fibrosis
-CT found ONLY in equine, attaches to carpi radials m. from biceps brachii m.
-acts to flex the elbow and when engaged in the stay apparatus it acts to fix the shoulder and elbow in extension
brachialis m. large animal attachment
proximal humerus to the medial-distal radius
brachialis m. large animal action
flexes the elbow
because large animal cannot pronate/supinate, they lack ___________?
supinator and pronator teres mm. (equine)
supinator m. (bovine)
extensor carpi radialis m. large animal attachment
lateral epicondyle to the proximal metacarpus
common digital extensor m. large animal attachment
-originates from all three bones of the elbow joint: distal humerus, proximal radius, and proximal ulna
-extensor process of the distal phalanx of digit 3 (equine)
-digit 3 and 4 on bovine
lateral digital extensor m. attachment large animal
-lateral radius and ulna to the dorsal aspect of the middle phalanx of digit 3 (equine) and digit 4 (bovine)
ulnaris lateralis m. large animal attachment
-lateral epicondyle to the accessory carpal bone and the proximal MC IV
ulnaris lateralis m. large animal action
flex the carpus and extend the elbow
flexor carpi ulnaris m. large animal attachment
originates from the medial epicondyle and attaches to accessory carpal bone
flexor carpi ulnaris m. large animal action
flex the carpus and extend the elbow
flexor carpi radialis m. large animal attachment
medial epicondyle to the MC II (equine) and MC III/IV (bovine)
superficial digital flexor m. large animal attachment
medial epicondyle and attaches to the proximal aspect of the middle phalanx and the distal phalanx of digit 3 (equine) and the proximal aspect of the middle phalanx of digits 3 and 4 in the bovine
superficial digital flexor m. large animal action
flex the carpus and digits, extends the elbow
deep digital flexor m. large animal attachment
originates from the medial epicondyle and the olecranon and the radius to the distal phalanx of digit 3 (equine) and distal phalanx of digit 3 and 4 (bovine)
deep digital flexor m. large animal action
flex the carpus and digits, extension of the elbow
Radial/proximal check ligament attaches to
the superficial digital flexor m.
Carpal/distal check ligament attaches to the
deep digital flexor m.
distal sesamoidean ligaments
support the fetlock and help keep it from hyperextending
suspensory ligament
-suspends the fetlock joint and keeps it from hyperextending
-deep to the deep digital flexor m. on the palmar aspect of the cannon bone
palmar annular ligament
binds the tendons and ligaments down on the palmar surface of the fetlock joint
what is an extensor of the elbow in the large animal
lateral head of the triceps brachii
medial palmar a. large animal
main blood supply to the digit of the horse
radial a. and lateral palmar a. large animal
serves as collateral circulation in case of an obstruction to the medial palmar a.
in bovines, what is the main artery that supplies blood to the metacarpus?
common digital artery III
dorsal common digital v. III in bovine importance
helps to perform nerve blocks
the main blood supply to the equine digit is the ______
median palmar artery
a pulse can be taken in the long pastern region of the horse at the ______ artery
median digital
in the horse, the median artery trifurcates into the medial palmar artery, the lateral palmar artery, and the _______ artery
radial
the ______ veins are bundled with the medial and lateral digital arteries at the distal limb of the horse
medial and lateral digital
in the bovine, the ______ vein at the digit drains proximally into the accessory cephalic vein
dorsal common digital III
medial palmar n. in horses attachment
at the level of fetlock gives off a dorsal branch, then continues as medial palmar digital n. at the fetlock
medial palmar n. in horses innervation
the palmar part of the fetlock joint capsule
palmar digital n. in horses innervation
skin and deep structures on the palmar aspect of the pastern, hoof, and coffin joint
dorsal branch in horses innervation
innervates most of the skin of the fetlock, the dorsal part of the pastern, dorsal aspect of the coronary band and the dorsal laminae of the foot
communicating branch in horses
connects medial and lateral palmar nn. at level of the mid metacarpal bone
lateral palmar n. in horses attachment
at level of fetlock gives off a dorsal branch, then continues as lateral palmar digital n.
lateral palmar n. in horses innervation
palmar part of the fetlock joint capsule
deep branch of lateral palmar n. in horses
at level of carpus and dives deep with close association with metacarpal bones
medial palmar metacarpal n. in horses
-close association with MC II
-innervates the entire fetlock joint capsule and part of the cutaneous area on the dorsal aspect of the fetlock and pastern
lateral palmar metacarpal n. in horses
-close association with MC IV
-innervates the entire fetlock joint capsule and part of the cutaneous area on the dorsal aspect of the fetlock and pastern
lateral palmar digital n. in horses innervation
innervates skin and deep structures on the palmar aspect of the pastern, hoof, and coffin joint
dorsal branch of the lateral palmar n. in horses innervation
innervates most of the skin of the fetlock, the dorsal part of the pastern, the dorsal aspect of the coronary band, and dorsal laminae of the foot
the nerves supplying touch sensation to the equine foot arise proximally from the ______ nerve
median
True or False: the nerves located distal to the carpus act to innervate sensory and muscle innervation
false
due to the fact that the hose lacks an acromion of the scapula, the ____ nerve is prone to damage
suprascapular
the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves come from a proximal deep branch off the ________ nerve
lateral palmar
the sensory innervation of the fetlock joint, along with the medial and lateral palmar nn., is supplied by the _________ nerve(s)
medial and lateral palmar metacarpal
suprascapular n. in horses
susceptible to nerve damage from harnesses, can cause loss of innervation to the supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm, leading to atrophy
Median n. in horses
supplies foot touch sensation, splits at the carpus into: lateral palmar n. and medial palmar n.
Deep branch of the lateral palmar n. branches into:
medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nn.
medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nn. contributes to the
sensory innervation of the fetlock joint, along with the medial and lateral palmar nn.
lateral palmar digital n. in horses innervation
innervates the skin and deep structures on the palmar part of the pastern, hoof, and coffin joint
dorsal branch of the lateral palmar digital n. innervation
innervates most of the skin of the fetlock, dorsal part of the pastern, dorsal aspect of the coronary band and dorsal laminae of the foot
