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Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology is…

A

A scientific discipline.

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2
Q

Why is psychology necessary?

A

We “already understand” people; are overconfident; and are fooled by errors of randomness.

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3
Q

Parts of the scientific method are?

A

Theory, hypothesis, and experimentation

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4
Q

Theory

A

An idea that must have testable predictions.

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

A prediction about variables.

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6
Q

Experimentation

A

How variables are studied.

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7
Q

Descriptive studies

A

Observe

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8
Q

Correlational studies

A

Predict

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9
Q

Experimental studies

A

Explain

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10
Q

Operational definitions

A

Precise procedural explanations of variables in a study; very specific explanation.

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11
Q

Correlations

A

Statistical measurement; how closely two variables vary together.

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12
Q

Positive correlation

A

As one goes up, the other goes up.

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13
Q

Negative correlation

A

As one goes up, the other goes down.

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14
Q

No/none correlation (null)

A

As one goes up, the other is random.

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15
Q

If two variables are correlated, does that mean one causes the other?

A

No! Correlation does not mean causation.

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16
Q

Independent variable

A

What you manipulate.

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17
Q

Dependent variable

A

What you measure.

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18
Q

Confounding variables

A

Uncontrolled factors that might affect the dependent variable.

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19
Q

P-value

A

P < 0.5 hypothesis accepted
P > 0.5 hypothesis rejected

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20
Q

T-test

A

Compares dv scores across research groups.

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21
Q

Phrenology

A

(Not true at all) the brain grows and shrinks, which causes the skull and scalp to change shape.

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22
Q

Tools of discovery

A

Case study, stimulation, lesion (intentially damaging the brain), and record activity (brain scans).

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23
Q

Resection

A

Surgical removal of part of the brain.

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24
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Removed frontal tissue of his brain; lost ability to control impulses.

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25
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor coordination and movement; very dense.

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26
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory consolidation and internal GPS.

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27
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional perception and expression.

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28
Q

What is the primary emotion the amygdala is concerned with?

A

Fear

29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Basic motivation (food and sex).

30
Q

Subcortical means…?

A

Below the cortex.

31
Q

Subcortial parts of the brain

A

Cerebellum, hippocampus, amygdala, and the hypothalamus.

32
Q

Controls the subconscious

A

The subcortical portion of the brain.

33
Q

Controls your conscious state

A

Cerebral cortex

34
Q

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.

35
Q

Motor cortex

A

Controls muscle movement; frontal lobe.

36
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Feelings of touch on the skin; parietal lobe.

37
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Hearing; temporal lobe.

38
Q

Visual cortex

A

Vision; occipital lobe.

39
Q

Brain in blind/deaf people

A

Reorganizes itself; heightened senses.

40
Q

Right brain controls…

A

Left side of the body.

41
Q

Left brain controls…

A

Right side of the body.

42
Q

Wernicke’s region

A

All sensory input for language.

43
Q

Broca’s region

A

All motor output for language.

44
Q

Left brain dominates…

A

Language

45
Q

Right brain dominates…

A

Processing space

46
Q

Split-brain

A

When the connection between the left and right brain breaks.

47
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

“CEO” of the brain.

48
Q

Dendrites

A

Data processing; receive messages.

49
Q

Axon

A

Pass messages away from the cell body.

50
Q

Neural impulse

A

Action potential; electrical signal.

51
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Helps speed up neural impulses; covers axon.

52
Q

Characteristics of a action potential

A

Threshold (starting force); all-or-none (equal); and refractory reset).

53
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

How neurons talk to each other (dopamine, serotonin, etc).

54
Q

Neuron plasticity

A

Neurons and their networks can change.

55
Q

Nature

A

Inherited genetics

56
Q

Nurture

A

Environment and experiences.

57
Q

Behavior genetics

A

Study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental factors on behavior.

58
Q

Psychological variables (genetic)

A

Risk for mental illness and drug use, personality, and intelligence.

59
Q

Psychological variables (environment)

A

Social variables like attitudes, manners, and faith.

60
Q

Evolution

A

Traits are passed down due to fitness of an organism; survival and reproduction.

61
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

A collective species nature through evolution.

62
Q

All traits are _________ from an evolutionary standpoint

A

Good (no morality)

63
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Developed the psychodynamic theory

64
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A

Battle between your conscious thoughts and feelings and your unconscious.

65
Q

Psychodynamic theory - three systems

A

Id (basic drives); superego (conscience); and ego (reality).

66
Q

Psychosexual phases

A

Oral, anal, phallic, and onward

67
Q

Free association

A

Exploring the unconscience mind through relaxation.

68
Q

Projective tests

A

Tat (make up stores about a picture) and inteblot

69
Q

Freud’s theories are mostly…

A

Unsubstantiated (unproven).

Psychology (5 decks)

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