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Microb 230 Test Revision > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following distinguish the field of microbiology from the other fields of biology?

Answers include one, both, or neither of:
* size of organism
* techniques employed

A

Both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed

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2
Q

The current system of nomenclature for organisms was established by

A

Linnaeus

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3
Q

Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names: the genus and the

A

specific epithet

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4
Q

In 1978, Carl Woese devised a system of classification that groups organisms into the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and

A

Eukaria

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5
Q

Eukaria includes ALL of the following EXCEPT

Answers include:
plants, fungi, animals, viruses, protists

A

viruses

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6
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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7
Q

Fleming

(discovered, developed, or disproved what?)

A

discovered penicillin

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8
Q

Pasteur

(discovered, developed, or disproved what?)

A

discovered the cause of fermentation

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9
Q

Lister is associated with

A

aseptic surgery

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10
Q

Jenner conducted an experiment that eventually led to what concept?

A

vaccination

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11
Q

Bioremediation is the use of microbes to

A

to clean up pollutants and toxic waste

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12
Q

Biotechnology can best be defined as using living organisms to

A

to develop useful products

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13
Q

Which level of protein structure refers to the overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide chain?

Answers include:
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

A

Tertiary structure

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14
Q

Robert Koch developed his postulates while identifying the cause of which disease?

A

Anthrax

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15
Q

Glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are examples of

Answers include:
polypeptides, nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides

A

polysaccharides

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16
Q

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is NOT found in an RNA molecule?

Answers include:
Uracil, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine

A

Thymine

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17
Q

Which of the following are the “building blocks” of proteins?

Answers include:
Nucleotides, fatty acids, monosaccharides, amino acids

A

Amino acids

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18
Q

What color are gram-negative bacteria at the completion of the Gram staining process?

A

Pink

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19
Q

Capsules are stained using a(n)

A

negative stain

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20
Q

What is the mordant in the Gram stain?

A

Iodine

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21
Q

The ability of the lenses of a microscope to distinguish two-points in fine detail and structure is called

A

resolution

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22
Q

Bacteria that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters are called

A

staphylococci

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23
Q

Bacteria divide by

A

binary fission

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24
Q

Some bacteria stain gram-positive and other stain gram-negative because of differences in the structure of their

A

cell wall

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25
Q

The bacterial cell wall is composed of

Answers include:
glucan, cellulose, peptidoglycan, chitin

A

peptidoglycan

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26
Q

In addition to peptidoglycan, the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria contain

Answers include:
mannan, chitin, cellulose, teichoic acid

A

teichoic acid

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27
Q

The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria contains

Answers include:
sterols, lipopolysaccharide, teichoic acid, mycolic acid

A

lipopolysaccharide

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28
Q

Acid-fast cell walls contain high concentrations of

A

mycolic acid

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29
Q

A bacterium possessing a tuft of flagella at one end of its cell is called

Answers include:
peritrichous, monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous

A

lophotrichous

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30
Q

Which structure protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis?

Answers include:
axial filament, capsule, endospore, flagella

A

capsule

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31
Q

Spirochetes move by means of

A

axial filaments

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32
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of flagellum?

Answers include:
Fimbriae, Hook, Basal body, Filament

A

Fimbriae

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33
Q

Molecules of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria are known as

A

plasmids

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34
Q

What are the sizes of two subunits used to compose prokaryotic ribosomes?

Answers include combinations of:
20S, 30S, 40S, 50S, 60S

A

30S + 50S

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35
Q

Which organelle processes, modifies, and sends/transports proteins to their correct destination?

A

Golgi complex

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36
Q

Which organelle contains enzymes that can specifically oxidize various organic substances and destroy H2O2?

A

Peroxisome

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37
Q

Which organelle synthesizes phospholipids, fats, and steroids/hormones?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

The field of science that groups organisms into categories to show degrees of similarities is called

A

taxonomy

39
Q

Which of the following describes the Domain Bacteria?
* They have prokaryotic cells
* They have eukaryotic cells
* They are multicellular
* They have linear chromosomes

A

They have prokaryotic cells

40
Q

Woese developed the three-domain system based on differences in organisms’

A

rRNA sequences

41
Q

What is the reason why viruses cannot be classified in a kingdom?
* They evolve too quickly
* They are not composed of cells
* They do not have a genome
* They have features of several kingdoms

A

They are not composed of cells.

42
Q

A clone is

A

a population of cells derived from a single parent cell

43
Q

In the scientific name Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus is the

A

genus

44
Q

Bacteria and archaea share which of the following characteristics?
* both are sensitive to antibiotics
* both are prokaryotic cells
* both have peptidoglycan cell walls
* both have histone proteins

A

They both are prokaryotic cell types.

45
Q

Which of the following does NOT apply to eukaryotic cells?
* Have histone proteins
* Have circular chromosomes
* Contain 80S ribosomes
* Exhibit growth via mitosis

A

Eukaryotic cells do NOT
* have circular chromosomes

46
Q

Biochemical tests are used to determine

A

enzymatic activities

47
Q

The test that involves a reaction between known antibodies and an unknown bacterium is known as

A

ELISA

48
Q

Which of the following techniques can identify antibodies/proteins in a patient’s serum?
* Southern blotting
* Western blotting
* Phage typing
* Flow cytometry

A

Western blotting

49
Q

Most extremophiles belong to which group?

A

Archaea

50
Q

(blank) is a close association between two unlike organisms that is beneficial to one or both.

A

Symbiosis

51
Q

A mycorrhiza is a relationship between

A

plant roots and fungi

52
Q

Global warming is caused by

A

an increase in atmospheric carbon DIOXIDE

53
Q

Which one of the following organism groups incorporates carbon dioxide into organic matter using energy from sunlight?

Photoautotrophs, Photoheterotrophs, Chemoheterotrophs, Chemoautotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs

54
Q

Deamination is the process by which ammonia is produced from the microbial breakdown of

A

amino acids

55
Q

The oxidation of ammonium ions to produce nitrate is known as

A

nitrification

56
Q

Which process converts nitrates into gaseous nitrogen?

A

Denitrification

57
Q

Chemicals that do NOT occur in nature are called

A

xenobiotics

58
Q

The predominant fecal coliform is

A

Escherichia coli

59
Q

In freshwater lakes and ponds, the majority of photosynthetic microbes are located in the (blank) zone(s).

A

limnetic

60
Q

Which term describes step V?

A

nitrogen fixation

61
Q

Nitrification is beneficial to farmers. It is represented by which step?

A

I

62
Q

Which term describes step III ?

A

ammonification

63
Q

What is the outstanding characteristic of the Kingdom Fungi?

A

Members absorb dissolved organic matter.

64
Q

In the cladogram shown, which two organisms are most closely related?

A

Micrococcus and Mycobacterium

65
Q

Use the dichotomous key in the table to identify a gram-negative cell that ferments lactose and uses citric acid as its sole carbon source.

A

Citrobacter

66
Q

You discovered a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan. You suspect the organism is in what group?

A

Archaea

67
Q

The figure below shows the results of gel electrophoresis separation of restriction fragments of the DNA of different organisms. Which two are most closely related?

A

1 and 3

68
Q

Into which group would you place a multicellular heterotroph with chitin cell walls?

A

Fungi

69
Q

A nucleic acid hybridization experiment produced the following results. Which figure shows the most closely related organisms?

A

B

70
Q

By using this molecular technique we first digest DNA from different organisms with restriction enzymes, analyze by comparing resulting DNA fragments on electrophoresis, for genetic similarities or differences. This technique is known as:

A

DNA fingerprinting

71
Q

Cells may frequently find themselves in an environment with very low extracellular concentrations of substances needed in higher amounts inside the cell. To obtain these needed items such cells would be most likely to engage in?

A

active transport

72
Q

What is the best reason why oxygen can cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion but glucose must be transported across the barrior by facilitated diffusion?

A

oxygen is a much smaller molecule, making it easier to pass through the plasma membrane

73
Q

Which one of the following pairs is mismatched?
lipid inclusions - energy reserve
sulfer granules - energy reserve
metachromatic granules - phosphate storage
ribosomes - carbon storage

A

ribosomes - carbon storage

(they do protein synthesis)

74
Q

Where are phospholipids most likely found in a eukaryotic cell?

A

plasma membrane

75
Q

In the figure below, which diagram of a cell wall is a gram-negative cell wall?

A

b

76
Q

In the figure below, which diagram of a cell wall contains porins?

A

b

77
Q

In the figure below, which diagram of a cell wall is resistant to many antibiotics?

A

b

78
Q

Fimbriae and pili differ in that
Answers about pili include:
* only one or two
* used for attachment
* used for both DNA and motility
* used for motility only

A

pili are used for transfer of DNA and motility

79
Q

The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion…
Answers include: use of ATP, transporter proteins, the concentration gradient

A

requires transporter proteins

80
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the passive transport process?
*aquaporins, plasma membrane, ATP, transporter proteins

A

ATP is NOT part of the passive transport process

81
Q

Which is the tetrad?

A

b

82
Q

Which is the axial filament?

A

a

83
Q

Which is streptococci?

A

d

84
Q

Which of the following organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell (think of endosymbiotic theory)?
Answers include: cell wall, Golgi complex, mitochondrion, nucleus, vacuole

A

mitochondrion

85
Q

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
* centrosome - food storage
* endoplasmic reticulum - internal transport
* Golgi complex - secretion
* lysosome - digestive enzymes
* mitochondria - ATP production

A

centrosome does not do food storage

86
Q

Assume you stain Bacillus by applying malachite green with heat and then counterstain with safranin. Through the microscope, the green structures are?

A

endospores

87
Q

Which microscope is used to observe viruses and the internal structure of thinly sectioned cells?

A

transmission electron microsocpe

88
Q

What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with a 10x ocular lens and a 45x objective lens?

A

450X

89
Q

Place the steps of the Gram stain in the correct order.
1 - alcohol-acetone
2 - crystal violet
3 - safranin
4 - iodine

A

2-4-1-3

90
Q

A nucleotide consists of what?
Answers include combinations of: amino acids, five-carbon sugars, nitrogenous bases, and a phosphate group

A

five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

Microb 230 Test Revision (4 decks)

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