Exam 1 Flashcards by drew hall

Which of the following distinguish the field of microbiology from the other fields of biology?

Answers include one, both, or neither of:
* size of organism
* techniques employed

Both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The current system of nomenclature for organisms was established by

Linnaeus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names: the genus and the

specific epithet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In 1978, Carl Woese devised a system of classification that groups organisms into the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and

Eukaria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Eukaria includes ALL of the following EXCEPT

Answers include:
plants, fungi, animals, viruses, protists

viruses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

Watson and Crick

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fleming

(discovered, developed, or disproved what?)

discovered penicillin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pasteur

(discovered, developed, or disproved what?)

discovered the cause of fermentation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lister is associated with

aseptic surgery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Jenner conducted an experiment that eventually led to what concept?

vaccination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bioremediation is the use of microbes to

to clean up pollutants and toxic waste

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Biotechnology can best be defined as using living organisms to

to develop useful products

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which level of protein structure refers to the overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide chain?

Answers include:
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Tertiary structure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Robert Koch developed his postulates while identifying the cause of which disease?

Anthrax

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are examples of

Answers include:
polypeptides, nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides

polysaccharides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is NOT found in an RNA molecule?

Answers include:
Uracil, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine

Thymine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following are the “building blocks” of proteins?

Answers include:
Nucleotides, fatty acids, monosaccharides, amino acids

Amino acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What color are gram-negative bacteria at the completion of the Gram staining process?

Pink

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Capsules are stained using a(n)

negative stain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the mordant in the Gram stain?

Iodine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The ability of the lenses of a microscope to distinguish two-points in fine detail and structure is called

resolution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bacteria that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters are called

staphylococci

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bacteria divide by

binary fission

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Some bacteria stain gram-positive and other stain gram-negative because of differences in the structure of their

cell wall

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The bacterial cell wall is composed of Answers include: glucan, cellulose, peptidoglycan, chitin

peptidoglycan

In addition to peptidoglycan, the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria contain Answers include: mannan, chitin, cellulose, teichoic acid

teichoic acid

The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria contains Answers include: sterols, lipopolysaccharide, teichoic acid, mycolic acid

lipopolysaccharide

Acid-fast cell walls contain high concentrations of

mycolic acid

A bacterium possessing a tuft of flagella at one end of its cell is called Answers include: peritrichous, monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous

lophotrichous

Which structure protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis? Answers include: axial filament, capsule, endospore, flagella

capsule

Spirochetes move by means of

axial filaments

Which of the following is NOT a part of flagellum? Answers include: Fimbriae, Hook, Basal body, Filament

Fimbriae

Molecules of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria are known as

plasmids

What are the sizes of two subunits used to compose prokaryotic ribosomes? Answers include combinations of: 20S, 30S, 40S, 50S, 60S

30S + 50S

Which organelle processes, modifies, and sends/transports proteins to their correct destination?

Golgi complex

Which organelle contains enzymes that can specifically oxidize various organic substances and destroy H2O2?

Peroxisome

Which organelle synthesizes phospholipids, fats, and steroids/hormones?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The field of science that groups organisms into categories to show degrees of similarities is called

taxonomy

Which of the following describes the Domain Bacteria? * They have prokaryotic cells * They have eukaryotic cells * They are multicellular * They have linear chromosomes

They have prokaryotic cells

Woese developed the three-domain system based on differences in organisms'

rRNA sequences

What is the reason why viruses cannot be classified in a kingdom? * They evolve too quickly * They are not composed of cells * They do not have a genome * They have features of several kingdoms

They are not composed of cells.

A clone is

a population of cells derived from a single parent cell

In the scientific name Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus is the

genus

Bacteria and archaea share which of the following characteristics? * both are sensitive to antibiotics * both are prokaryotic cells * both have peptidoglycan cell walls * both have histone proteins

They both are prokaryotic cell types.

Which of the following does NOT apply to eukaryotic cells? * Have histone proteins * Have circular chromosomes * Contain 80S ribosomes * Exhibit growth via mitosis

Eukaryotic cells do NOT * have circular chromosomes

Biochemical tests are used to determine

enzymatic activities

The test that involves a reaction between known antibodies and an unknown bacterium is known as

ELISA

Which of the following techniques can identify antibodies/proteins in a patient's serum? * Southern blotting * Western blotting * Phage typing * Flow cytometry

Western blotting

Most extremophiles belong to which group?

Archaea

(blank) is a close association between two unlike organisms that is beneficial to one or both.

Symbiosis

A mycorrhiza is a relationship between

plant roots and fungi

Global warming is caused by

an increase in atmospheric carbon DIOXIDE

Which one of the following organism groups incorporates carbon dioxide into organic matter using energy from sunlight? Photoautotrophs, Photoheterotrophs, Chemoheterotrophs, Chemoautotrophs

Photoautotrophs

Deamination is the process by which ammonia is produced from the microbial breakdown of

amino acids

The oxidation of ammonium ions to produce nitrate is known as

nitrification

Which process converts nitrates into gaseous nitrogen?

Denitrification

Chemicals that do NOT occur in nature are called

xenobiotics

The predominant fecal coliform is

Escherichia coli

In freshwater lakes and ponds, the majority of photosynthetic microbes are located in the (blank) zone(s).

limnetic

Which term describes step V?

nitrogen fixation

Nitrification is beneficial to farmers. It is represented by which step?

Which term describes step III ?

ammonification

What is the outstanding characteristic of the Kingdom Fungi?

Members absorb dissolved organic matter.

In the cladogram shown, which two organisms are most closely related?

Micrococcus and Mycobacterium

Use the dichotomous key in the table to identify a gram-negative cell that ferments lactose and uses citric acid as its sole carbon source.

Citrobacter

You discovered a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and peptidoglycan. You suspect the organism is in what group?

Archaea

The figure below shows the results of gel electrophoresis separation of restriction fragments of the DNA of different organisms. Which two are most closely related?

1 and 3

Into which group would you place a multicellular heterotroph with chitin cell walls?

Fungi

A nucleic acid hybridization experiment produced the following results. Which figure shows the most closely related organisms?

By using this molecular technique we first digest DNA from different organisms with restriction enzymes, analyze by comparing resulting DNA fragments on electrophoresis, for genetic similarities or differences. This technique is known as:

DNA fingerprinting

Cells may frequently find themselves in an environment with very low extracellular concentrations of substances needed in higher amounts inside the cell. To obtain these needed items such cells would be most likely to engage in?

active transport

What is the best reason why oxygen can cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion but glucose must be transported across the barrior by facilitated diffusion?

oxygen is a much smaller molecule, making it easier to pass through the plasma membrane

Which one of the following pairs is mismatched? lipid inclusions - energy reserve sulfer granules - energy reserve metachromatic granules - phosphate storage ribosomes - carbon storage

ribosomes - carbon storage (they do protein synthesis)

Where are phospholipids most likely found in a eukaryotic cell?

plasma membrane

In the figure below, which diagram of a cell wall is a gram-negative cell wall?

In the figure below, which diagram of a cell wall contains porins?

In the figure below, which diagram of a cell wall is resistant to many antibiotics?

Fimbriae and pili differ in that Answers about pili include: * only one or two * used for attachment * used for both DNA and motility * used for motility only

pili are used for transfer of DNA and motility

The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion... Answers include: use of ATP, transporter proteins, the concentration gradient

requires transporter proteins

Which of the following is NOT part of the passive transport process? *aquaporins, plasma membrane, ATP, transporter proteins

ATP is NOT part of the passive transport process

Which is the tetrad?

Which is the axial filament?

Which is streptococci?

Which of the following organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell (think of endosymbiotic theory)? Answers include: cell wall, Golgi complex, mitochondrion, nucleus, vacuole

mitochondrion

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? * centrosome - food storage * endoplasmic reticulum - internal transport * Golgi complex - secretion * lysosome - digestive enzymes * mitochondria - ATP production

centrosome does not do food storage

Assume you stain Bacillus by applying malachite green with heat and then counterstain with safranin. Through the microscope, the green structures are?

endospores

Which microscope is used to observe viruses and the internal structure of thinly sectioned cells?

transmission electron microsocpe

What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with a 10x ocular lens and a 45x objective lens?

450X

Place the steps of the Gram stain in the correct order. 1 - alcohol-acetone 2 - crystal violet 3 - safranin 4 - iodine

2-4-1-3

A nucleotide consists of what? Answers include combinations of: amino acids, five-carbon sugars, nitrogenous bases, and a phosphate group

five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group