Exam 1

Question 1

Define Sarcopenia

Answer 1

Decreased muscle strength & size over time, as you age.

Question 2

What is max loss in trunk & extremities due to?

Answer 2

Bone mineral loss

Question 3

Osteoporosis vs Osteopenia

Answer 3

Osteoporosis: Bone loss, weakened bones–brittle, more likely to fracture.

Osteopenia: Condition where bone density is lower than usual for age.

BOTH lead to Kyphosis

Question 4

What are the results of Low Estrogen?

Answer 4

• More bone breakdown
  +
• # Not enough bone building
• Weaker & less dense bones

Question 5

What are interventions for Osteoporosis?

Answer 5

• Stretching
• Weightbearing exercises (walking, resistive & non-resistive)
• Hormone replacement in women
• Calcium & Vit D supplements

Question 6

E.g. of strategies to prevent & treat slip disc?

Answer 6

• Body mechanics
• Keeping a healthy weight
  *Avoid a static lifestyle
• Strengthen core & legs
• Yoga & PT are EBP

Question 7

Symptoms of OA?

Answer 7

• Cartilage loses elasticity & becomes brittle.
• Ligaments & tendons lose elasticity
• Join stiffness & decreased ROM

Question 8

Cause of OA?
Underlying problem?

Answer 8

Degenerative disorder genetic & biomechanical injury.

Articular cartilage loss–affects all aspects of joint.

Question 9

Cause of RA?
Signs?

Answer 9

Autoimmune disorder.

• Lasts longer than 30 minutes (OA)
• Rheumatoid nodules (firm lumps under skin at joint = looks swollen)
• Stiffness in joints
• Occurs symmetrically across body
• Weight & appetite loss
• Fatigue

Question 10

Sings of OA?

Answer 10

• Morning stiffness that lasts ≥30 minutes (<RA)
• Bony growths in PIP & DIP (causes joint to look swollen laterally & medially)
• Asymmetrical (vs Symmetrical RA)
• Pain reduced with rest

Question 11

Wrist Subluxation…

Answer 11

Partial dislocation–radial deviation (RA).

Question 12

Fingers lean/angled to the little finger…RA or OA?

Answer 12

RA–Ulnar deviation/drift

Question 13

OT Goals with RA?

Answer 13

• Decreased pain: Modalities reduce inflammation
• Prevent or control joint damage: Energy conservation, splint.
• Help maintain function: AROM or AAROM (avoid PROM), Isometric exercises to prevent muscle atrophy

Question 14

Interventions for RA?

Answer 14

• Heat modality prior to exercise
• AROM exercises
• Aerobic exercises: biking, swimming

Question 15

Fast twitch, slow twitch; which type? Anaerobic or Aerobic?

Answer 15

Fast Twitch:
* Type 1
* Anaerobic = quick rapid contractions
* Lossed first in Bedrest

Slow Twitch:
* Type 2
* Aerobic = slow, sustained contractions
* Lossed first in older adults due to nonuse

Question 16

What does MSD pain feel like?

Answer 16

• Localized or widespread
• Gets worse with movement
• Fatigue
• Twitching muscles
• Sensation of “burning” in muscle
• Sleep disturbances

Question 17

Behavioral indicators of MSD?

Answer 17

• Restlessness (agitation)
• Rigidity
• Rubbing
• Guarding
• Physical aggression
• Consolibility

Question 18

Remedial techniques for pain caused by MSD in Acute & Subacute phases?

Answer 18

Acute: Cold modalities, non-thermal US, splinting for protection, PROM, AAROM, & AROM.

Subacute: Hot or cold modalities, US, PROM, AROM, Manual techniques, & aquatic rehabilitation.

Question 19

Remedial techniques for Edema in Acute & Subacute phases?

Answer 19

Acute: Cold modalities, non-thermal US, compression, elevation, PROM, AAROM, AROM.

Subacute: Hot or cold modalities, thermal US, compression, elevation, *retrograde massage, PROM, AAROM, aquatics.

Question 20

Precautions & Contraindications for thermal modalities…

Answer 20

• Malignancies (cancer)
• Presence of pacemaker
• Impaired sensation or cognitive status

Question 21

Normal range for bp?

Answer 21

<120/80

Hypertension: >140/90
Hypertensive Crisis: 180/120
–Fatigue, confusion, chest pain, visual changes.
Hypotension: <90/60
–Weakness, sleepiness, blurred vision, confusion, syncope, light-headedness