Exam 1 Flashcards
Strain
overstretch of soft tissue (muscle)
sprain
stress, stretch or tear of ligament
dislocation
displacement of joint that can lead to soft tissue damage or inflammation
muscle tear
muscle coming off the bone that can be complete or partial
tendinopathy
tendon injury from mechanical loading
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
tendoinosis
affected by mechanical loading
contusion
bruising
overuse syndrome
repeated submit load or frictional wear to muscle or bone
dysfunction
not working right because of adaptive shortening, adhesions, muscle weakness or loss of mobility
joint dysfunction
loss of normal ROM due to immobilization, trauma, disuse, aging or pathology
contracture
adaptive shortening of skin, fascia, or muscle which prevents mobility or flexibility
adhesions
collagen fibers abnormally adhering to surrounding tissues due to immobility or surgery and causes loss of motion
intrinsic muscle spasm
prolonged contraction due to circulatory problems
muscle weakness
lack of use or neurological problem of nerves
myofascial compartment syndrome
increased interstitial pressure in a compartment that is not expanding
grade 1tissue injury
mild pain within 24 hours with mild swelling, local tenderness, and pain with movement
grade 2 tissue injury
moderate pain that increases with stress or palpation of the area. Some fibers may be torn which increases joint mobility
grade 3 tissue injury
near-complete or complete tear with severe pain
acute stage of tissue healing: duration and effects
4-6 days
swelling, redness, heat, pain, loss of function and ROM, muscle guarding
subacute stage of tissue healing: duration and effects
14-21 days after onset of injury
inflammation and ROM improves but muscles still weak and pain at end range
chronic stage of tissue healing: duration and effects
6months- 1 year
no inflammation but contractures exist. weak muscles and neuromuscular control so increase ROM to prevent adhesions
management of acute phase of tissue healing
patient education, control pain and edema, maintain soft tissue and joint mobility, reduce swelling
joint mobilization for acute stage tissue healing
grade 1 and 2
management of. subacute phase of tissue healing
break adhesions, control for pain, soft tissue mobilization, joint mobilization, reduce swelling
how to gain range of motion in subacute phase of tissue healing
muscle relaxation and stretching and use of soft tissue tools
use muscle in new range to maintain
management of chronic phase of tissue healing
regain mobility and stability by adding load, working on neuromuscular control and using muscle
chronic recurring pain
repeated irritation or inflammation that causes loss in strength
contracture effect on mobility
causes poor mobility
muscular work is what type of motion?
rotary motion- angular displacement
power relation to neuromuscular excitation
more power is due to greater neuromuscular excitation (more motor units recruited)
moment arm relationship to force
greater moment arm, greater force
how does the patella impact quad force
increases moment arm and mechanical advantage of quad
how to apply force to recruit most motor units
apply gradually
best range for MMT
mid range has maximal cross-linkage of fibers
normal MMT
strong and painless
minor lesion MMT
strong but painful
major lesion MMT
weak and painful
weak but painless MMT
muscle rupture, atrophy, nervous system disorder, systemic muscle
best usage for hand help dynamometry
upper extremity, gravity eliminated
Thomas tests measures
rectus femurs and illiopsoas
illiofemoral ligament
limits extension and ER
pubofemoral ligament
limits abduction and extension
ischiofemoral ligament
limits extension and internal rotation
impairments in acute phase
inflammation, pain, edema, muscle spasm, joint effusion, restricted movement
impairments in subacute phase
pain at end ROM, edema, joint effusion, contractures, muscle weakness
impairments in chronic phase
contractures and adhesions limiting ROM, decreased muscular performance, impact on ADLs
how much stronger is dominant side?
10%
ober test detects weakness of
TFL and IT band
90 90 test positive test indicates
tight hamstrings
normal 90 90 test score
more than 125 degrees
positive ely’s test indicates
tight rectus femoris
positive ely’s test
hip lifts off the table
intrinsic core muscles
tranverse abdominis
multifidi
pelvic floor
diaphragm
intersegmental vertebral stabilization
automatic and controlled motor patterns to activate core and correct posture
how to stabilize core
bracing, side bridges, complex movement patterns, unstable surfaces, coordinate external obliques, erector spine, and rectus abdominis
how to improve intrinsic stability
add stability above and below
what type of measure is function?
outcome- includes, muscle performance, endurance, flexibility, coordination, stability, balance
how will muscles act in range as you increase mobility
weak in full range
what problems do bunions show?
problem with force dispersion
lower quarter posture problems
bow leg, knock knees, foot pronation, foot supination
upper quarter posture problems
forward head, cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, internal rotation of humerus
how to correct forward pelvis?
activate tranverse abdominis
causes of anterior pelvic tilt
tight hip flexors
weak glutes
weak abdominals
postural results of anterior pelvic tilt
lumbar lordosis
thoracic kyphosis
protracted scapula
external rotation of lower extremity
position of femur when hip flexors are tight?
femur internally rotates
tensegrity
everything is connected- bilateral connection
fascial line example
shoulder to hip
knee to ankle
elbow to hand
janda’s upper and lower cross syndrome
tight cervical flexors
weak lower trap
upper trap is stretched
