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BIO 202 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the endocrine organs

A

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary glands, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads,

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2
Q

Which best describes a hormone?

A

a chemical messenger transported by the bloodstream that stimulates target cells in another organ often a good distance away.

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3
Q

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?

A. They secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells, but have extracellular effects.
B. They secrete their products by way of ducts.
C. They have an unusually low density of blood capillaries.
D. They release their secretions into the blood.
E. Their secretions may be released onto the body surface.

A

D. They release their secretions into the blood.

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4
Q

The nervous system reacts to stimuli _____ compared to the endocrine system, adapts
_____ compared to the endocrine system, and has _____ effects compared to the endocrine
system.

A

quickly; quickly; specific

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5
Q

What hormones are secreted by the pancreas

A

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, gastrin,

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6
Q

The pituitary gland secretes:

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH)

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7
Q

Hypothalamic hormones include:

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone, somatostatin

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8
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the

A

kidneys, it is used for water retention, (vasopressin)

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9
Q

the hormone called ____ plays an important role in the synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness

A

melatonin

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10
Q

the ___ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates of T cells ( wbc)

A

thymus

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11
Q

the ___ secretes ___ which promotes Na+ and water retention

A

adrenal cortex, aldosterone

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12
Q

which organs secrete both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

the pancreas

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13
Q

which of the following enters a cell’s nucleus and acts directly on the genes ?

A

estrogen ( lipid soluble hormones)

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14
Q

follicle stimulating hormone targets which organs

A

ovaries/testes

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15
Q

hormones of which organ have the greatest effect on the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

thyroid gland

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16
Q

which organs produce hormones that control blood electrolyte levels?

A

adrenal cortex ( corticosteroids)

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17
Q

hormones of adenohypophysis ( anterior pituitary )

A

FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, GH

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18
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH)

A

stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, ovarian follicles, sperm production

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19
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

stimulates ovulation, stimulation to secrete progesterone and testosterone

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20
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH)

A

secretion of thyroid hormone

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21
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH)

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

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22
Q

prolactin

A

stimulates mammary glands to synthesis milk

23
Q

growth hormone ( gh)

A

stimulates mitosis and cellular division

24
Q

where do RBCs die ?

A

spleen and liver

25
Q

a person with type A blood can safely donate RBC to someone with type ___ and can receive RBCs from someone of type ___

A

type A/AB, type A/O

26
Q

the main reason why an individual with type AB, Rh negative blood cannot donate to an individual with type A Rh positive blood is because ___

A

anti A antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient

27
Q

How does bone marrow help reverse hypoxemia

A

it accelerates erythropoiesis, causing rbc count and oxygen level to increase

28
Q

which carry oxygen poor blood ?

A

inferior vena cava

29
Q

what belongs to the pulmonary circuit ?

A

heart, pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillaries, and pulmonary veins

30
Q

the heart is enfolded within a space called the

A

pericardial cavity

31
Q

the apex of the heart is found ___ of the midline of the body

A

midclavicular line, fifth intercoastal space

32
Q

the ___ performs the work of the heart

A

myocardium

33
Q

the __ are the superior chambers of the heart and the __ are the inferior chambers of the heart?

A

superior: artia
inferior: ventricles

34
Q

the area where the major vessels lead to and from the hearts chambers is called the ___ of the heart. The pointy, inferior portion is called the ___

A

base; apex

35
Q

oxygen poor blood passes through the ___

A

right atrium

36
Q

the chordae tendineae of the AV valves are anchored to the ___ of the ventricles

A

papillary muscles

37
Q

the ___ carry blood towards the lungs

A

pulmonary trunk/arteries

38
Q

which of the following blood vessels receives blood directly from the right ventricle

A

the pulmonary trunk/arteries

39
Q

cardioinhibitory centers in the __ receive input from ___

A

medulla oblongata; chemoreceptors in the aortic arch

40
Q

arteries are sometimes called the ___ vessels of the cardiovascular system because they have strong resilient tissue structure

A

resistance

41
Q

which vessels have the thickest tunica media

A

arteries

42
Q

the outermost wall of an artery or vein is called ____ and the larger arties and viens contain the ____

A

tunica externa; vasa vasorum

43
Q

where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body?

A

viens

44
Q

alternative routes of blood supply are called

A

emastinosis/portal system

45
Q

in people who stand for long periods blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. what causes varicose veins

A

Faulty valves ( causing pooling/backflow of blood)

46
Q

Venous return relies on:

A

pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscle pump, thoracic pump, cardiac suction

47
Q

how is venous return to your heart affected when you go for an easy jog

A

increase of skeletal muscle pump

48
Q

what path of blood flow from the heart to the lung tissues and back to the heart?

A

right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lung tissue, pulmonary veins, left atrium

49
Q

where is the vasomotor center located?

A

medulla oblongata

50
Q

what is associated with vasomotion?

A

smooth muscle in the tunica media

51
Q

which of the following is a portal system?

A

heart, artery, arteriole, capillary bed, arteriole, capillary bed, venule, vein , heart

52
Q

erythrocytes transport oxygen and ___

A

carbon dioxide ( CO2)

53
Q

most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to ___

A

hemoglobin

54
Q

what is the final product of the breakdown of the organic non-protein moiety of hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

BIO 202 (8 decks)

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