EXAM 1 Flashcards
What are the endocrine organs
Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary glands, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads,
Which best describes a hormone?
a chemical messenger transported by the bloodstream that stimulates target cells in another organ often a good distance away.
Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?
A. They secrete substances that do not alter the metabolism of their target cells, but have extracellular effects.
B. They secrete their products by way of ducts.
C. They have an unusually low density of blood capillaries.
D. They release their secretions into the blood.
E. Their secretions may be released onto the body surface.
D. They release their secretions into the blood.
The nervous system reacts to stimuli _____ compared to the endocrine system, adapts
_____ compared to the endocrine system, and has _____ effects compared to the endocrine
system.
quickly; quickly; specific
What hormones are secreted by the pancreas
Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, gastrin,
The pituitary gland secretes:
Oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH)
Hypothalamic hormones include:
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone, somatostatin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the
kidneys, it is used for water retention, (vasopressin)
the hormone called ____ plays an important role in the synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness
melatonin
the ___ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates of T cells ( wbc)
thymus
the ___ secretes ___ which promotes Na+ and water retention
adrenal cortex, aldosterone
which organs secrete both endocrine and exocrine functions?
the pancreas
which of the following enters a cell’s nucleus and acts directly on the genes ?
estrogen ( lipid soluble hormones)
follicle stimulating hormone targets which organs
ovaries/testes
hormones of which organ have the greatest effect on the basal metabolic rate (BMR)
thyroid gland
which organs produce hormones that control blood electrolyte levels?
adrenal cortex ( corticosteroids)
hormones of adenohypophysis ( anterior pituitary )
FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, GH
Follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH)
stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, ovarian follicles, sperm production
Luteinizing hormone
stimulates ovulation, stimulation to secrete progesterone and testosterone
Thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH)
secretion of thyroid hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH)
stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
prolactin
stimulates mammary glands to synthesis milk
growth hormone ( gh)
stimulates mitosis and cellular division
where do RBCs die ?
spleen and liver
a person with type A blood can safely donate RBC to someone with type ___ and can receive RBCs from someone of type ___
type A/AB, type A/O
the main reason why an individual with type AB, Rh negative blood cannot donate to an individual with type A Rh positive blood is because ___
anti A antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient
How does bone marrow help reverse hypoxemia
it accelerates erythropoiesis, causing rbc count and oxygen level to increase
which carry oxygen poor blood ?
inferior vena cava
what belongs to the pulmonary circuit ?
heart, pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillaries, and pulmonary veins
the heart is enfolded within a space called the
pericardial cavity
the apex of the heart is found ___ of the midline of the body
midclavicular line, fifth intercoastal space
the ___ performs the work of the heart
myocardium
the __ are the superior chambers of the heart and the __ are the inferior chambers of the heart?
superior: artia
inferior: ventricles
the area where the major vessels lead to and from the hearts chambers is called the ___ of the heart. The pointy, inferior portion is called the ___
base; apex
oxygen poor blood passes through the ___
right atrium
the chordae tendineae of the AV valves are anchored to the ___ of the ventricles
papillary muscles
the ___ carry blood towards the lungs
pulmonary trunk/arteries
which of the following blood vessels receives blood directly from the right ventricle
the pulmonary trunk/arteries
cardioinhibitory centers in the __ receive input from ___
medulla oblongata; chemoreceptors in the aortic arch
arteries are sometimes called the ___ vessels of the cardiovascular system because they have strong resilient tissue structure
resistance
which vessels have the thickest tunica media
arteries
the outermost wall of an artery or vein is called ____ and the larger arties and viens contain the ____
tunica externa; vasa vasorum
where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body?
viens
alternative routes of blood supply are called
emastinosis/portal system
in people who stand for long periods blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. what causes varicose veins
Faulty valves ( causing pooling/backflow of blood)
Venous return relies on:
pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscle pump, thoracic pump, cardiac suction
how is venous return to your heart affected when you go for an easy jog
increase of skeletal muscle pump
what path of blood flow from the heart to the lung tissues and back to the heart?
right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lung tissue, pulmonary veins, left atrium
where is the vasomotor center located?
medulla oblongata
what is associated with vasomotion?
smooth muscle in the tunica media
which of the following is a portal system?
heart, artery, arteriole, capillary bed, arteriole, capillary bed, venule, vein , heart
erythrocytes transport oxygen and ___
carbon dioxide ( CO2)
most oxygen is transported in the blood bound to ___
hemoglobin
what is the final product of the breakdown of the organic non-protein moiety of hemoglobin
bilirubin
