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ASCI340 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of morphology, structure

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2
Q

What is macroscopic (gross) anatomy?

A

Visual structures

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3
Q

What are the two types of microscopic anatomy?

A

Cytology and Histology

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4
Q

What is cytology?

A

The difference in the structure of cells

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5
Q

What is histology?

A

When you group cells together and make up a tissue

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6
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of function

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7
Q

What is cellular physiology?

A

How different cells function: energy, production, growth

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8
Q

What is systems physiology?

A

How various systems work together + independently

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9
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

When physiology goes wrong

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10
Q

What elements make up 96% of animals?

A

O, C, H, N

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11
Q

What are the 4 chemical/molecular units of life?

A

Carbohydrates
Protein
Fat
Nucleic acids

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12
Q

3 main cellular level of organization point

A
  1. Basic unit of structure/function associated with life
  2. Maintain interior that is different than exterior
  3. Specialized in mammals
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13
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

A

Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective Tissue

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14
Q

What is an organ and what is its purpose?

A
  • Functional unit made up of MULTIPLE tissue types

- Perform specific function/set of functions

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15
Q

What is a system in regards to physiology?

A

Collection of related organs that perform a specific task

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16
Q

What are the 3 things homeostasis is/does?

A
  1. Dynamic “steady-state” of internal enviroment
  2. Stable “maintenance of optimal conditions” out cells need to live
  3. “Normal set-point” for physiological parameters
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17
Q

What must homeostatic control systems do?

A
  • Detect deviations from normal
  • Integrate this info with needs of the body
  • Make appropriate adjustments to restore “normal set-point”
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18
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Response that decreases stimulus

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19
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Response that increases original stimulus

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20
Q

Feedforward

A

Response in anticipation of events

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21
Q

What are the macromolecules of life?

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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22
Q

What are proteins built from and how many types of building blocks are there?

A

Amino Acids (20)

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23
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars or starches

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24
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats

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25
Q

What are nucleic acids made from?

A

DNA and RNA

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26
Q

What is the cell membrane made from?

A

Phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins/carbs

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27
Q

What is cytoplasm made up of?

A

Cytosol and fluid

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28
Q

What are organelles?

A

Structures with specific functions

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29
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Membrane-bound “control center”

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30
Q

What does the nucleus house?

A
  • Genetic material (code)
  • Nucleotide base pairs
  • A & T, G & C
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31
Q

What is DNA wound into?

A

Chromatin

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32
Q

Where is the site of transcription?

A

In the nucleus

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33
Q

What makes the rough ER rough?

A

Studded with ribosomes

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34
Q

What happens in the rough ER?

A

site of protein synthesis (translation)

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35
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Modifies lipids, carbs, ions

Packages ER products

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36
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

Protein synthesizer

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37
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

ER-bound or free-floating

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38
Q

How many subunits are there in a ribosome?

A

2

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39
Q

What do the Golgi apparatus and vesicles do?

A

Takes up proteins from the ER

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40
Q

What happens in the Golgi?

A
  • Post-translational modification of proteins
  • Packages products into vesicles
    • -> storage , intracellular support , secretion
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41
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

The power plant - 90% of the cell’s energy

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42
Q

How many membranes do the mitochondria

A

2

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43
Q

What does the mitochondria’s outer membrane do?

A
  • Substrate transport

- Some enzymatic activity

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44
Q

What does the mitochondria’s inner membrane do?

A
  • Highly folded

- Electron transport chain (ETC)

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45
Q

Where is the mitochondria’s matrix?

A

Inside inner membrane

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46
Q

What happens in the mitochondria’s matrix?

A

Krebs cycle

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47
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

intricate structural framework

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48
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

Microfilaments (actin)
Microtubules (tubulin)
Intermediate filaments

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49
Q

What do cells require?

A

Nutrients and oxygen

50
Q

What to cells metabolize?

A

Energy (ATP)

51
Q

What is a cell’s major function?

A

Synthesize proteins

  • growth
  • cell structure/function
52
Q

What does a cell respond to?

A

environmental changes

53
Q

What does a cell regulate?

A

material exchange with environment & within the cell

54
Q

What are the 5 things a cell does in its life cycle?

A
  1. It acquired things (uptake)
  2. It builds things (synthesis)
  3. It burns things (metabolism)
  4. It reproduces (proliferation)
  5. It dies
55
Q

How do things get into the cell? What are the 3 types of transportation?

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport
56
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Unimpeded movement down the compound’s concentration gradient

57
Q

What is osmosis?

A

simple diffusion of water

58
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Permitted movement down the concentration gradient

59
Q

What is active transport? What does it require?

A

Movement by the cell’s action. Requires energy

60
Q

What is active transport independent of?

A

the concentration gradient

61
Q

How does a cell make things?

A

By synthesizing proteins

62
Q

What are the 3 steps of synthesizing proteins?

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
  3. Post-translational modification
63
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

Copies of DNA segments are made (mRNA)

64
Q

What happens during translation?

A

mRNA sequence is the “recipe” for a specific protein

65
Q

What happens during the post-translational modification?

A

Putting final touches on the protein

66
Q

What can fats, carbs (& existing proteins) be modified by?

A

enzymes the cell produces

67
Q

What is the first step in protein production?

A

Transcription

68
Q

What are the basics of transcription?

A
  • RNA is copies from DNA segments
    Sense-making segments
    In reverse
    “U” substituted for “T”
69
Q

What happens in transcription initiation?

A
  • transcription factor(s) unwinds DNA

- RNA polymerase unzips short segments of DNA

70
Q

What happens during transcription elongation?

A
  • RNA polymerase reads nucleotide sequence

- Recruits & links complimentary nucleotides

71
Q

What happens during transcription termination?

A
  • RNA polymerase encounters a transcription terminator and detaches
  • RNA strand is released, further processed, & sent to ER
72
Q

What happens in translation initiation?

A
  • ribosome picks up mRNA
  • reads start codon (AUG)
  • Attaches tRNA w/ complimentary anticodon
73
Q

What happens during translation elongation?

A
  • ribosome reads mRNA’s codon sequence
  • recruits complimentary tRNA for each
  • attaches tRNA’s AA to previous AA
    • -> detaches AA from tRNA
    • -> kicks stripped tRNA out
  • Next codon
74
Q

What happens during translation termination?

A
  • ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA)
    • -> no tRNA’s for these!
  • attaches H20 instead
  • causes the ribosome to release the peptide chain
    • -> mRNA also released
75
Q

Where does mRNA go after translation?

A

next ribosome

76
Q

Where does the ribosome go after translation?

A

Next mRNA

77
Q

Where does post-translational modification occur?

A

In the golgi

78
Q

What are some types of post-translational modifcation?

A
  • folding
  • addition of chemistry group
  • combining
  • cleaving
  • swapping out AA’s
79
Q

What after modification?

A

sorted, packaged in vesicles, and shipped.

80
Q

How does a cell modify things?

A

Enzymes

81
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

Redox (electron or H exchange)

82
Q

Transferase

A

exchanges a group

83
Q

lyase

A

removes group, leaves double bond

84
Q

Isomerase

A

converts between isomers (changes shape)

85
Q

Ligase

A

Links 2 things

86
Q

How does a cell make energy?

A
  • Ingested
  • Broken down in stomach/ intestine
  • Transported in bloodstream
  • Taken up by cell
87
Q

3 main macromolecules for energy/metabolism

A
  1. carbohydrates –> primarily glucose
  2. fatty acid –> 2nd most preferred
  3. Proteins/ amino acids –> energy mode
88
Q

What are the 4 cell reproduction steps?

A

G1
S
G2
M (mitosis)

89
Q

What happens in G1 phase?

A

1st growth phase

90
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA synthesis

91
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

2nd growth phase

92
Q

What happens during M phase?

A

Cell divides into 2 cells

93
Q

What are the steps of mitosis?

A 
Prophase
Prometaphase 
Metaphase
Anaphase 
Telophase
94
Q

Gap junctions

A

exchange ions and other small particles

95
Q

Surface antigens

A 
Require contact (mobile cells)
Surface receptors on "signalee" cell
96
Q

What are the two types of chemical messengers?

A

Paramones and Hormones

97
Q

What are paramones?

A
  • local chemical messengers (interstitial space)

- histamines, cytokines, growth factors

98
Q

What are hormones?

A
  • systemic chemical messengers (bloodstream)
  • multiple target tissues
  • Insulin, FSH, GH
99
Q

What are ligand-binding receptors?

A

1st / primary messenger

100
Q

What does a ligand-binding rececptor cause?

A
  • open/close channel

- affect 2nd messenger

101
Q

What does simple diffusion move?

A

O2, CO2 (nonpolar molecules)

102
Q

What does facilitated diffusion move?

A

H2O, ions (polar)

103
Q

What does active transport need?

A

Na/K pump and required energy

104
Q

Vesicular transport

A

material encapsulated in membrane

105
Q

Endocytosis

A

phagocytosis - destroying it

pinocytosis - intaking water

106
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vescivle binds membrane, releasing contents

107
Q

What causes a membrane potential?

A
  • difference in electrical voltage in ECF and ICF

- separation of charges across membrane (Na+, K+, Cl-)

108
Q

What is the polarity of a cell membrane

A

Negative inside

Positive outside

109
Q

What is resting potential established by?

A

Sodium-potassium pump

110
Q

What does the Sodium-potassium pump do?

A

pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

111
Q

What are the causes of the resting potential

A
  1. electrochemical gradient
      • outside; - inside
  2. Na+ concentration gradient
  3. K+ concentration gradient
112
Q

Steps of action potential?

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Refractory period
113
Q

Stimulus

A

potential rises above threshhold (from -70 to -55 mV)

114
Q

Depolarization

A
  • V-gated Na channels open, Na rushes in down concentration gradient
  • charges are reversed (+30 mv)
  • Adjacent Na channels are opened
115
Q

Repolarization

A
  • Na channels lock
  • V-gated K channel opens, K rushes out
  • charges are reversed once again
116
Q

Refractory period

A
  • K channels close and lock
  • no more action potential
  • Na/K ATPase restores ion concentration/ resting potential
117
Q

Lipid monomer, polymer, and example

A

hydrocarbon
fatty acid
–> sterioid hormones, adipose tissue, omega-3’s

118
Q

Carbohydrate monomer, polymer, example

A

monosaccaride, polysacharide

–> starches

119
Q

Protein monomer, polymer, example

A

amino acid, polypeptide/ peptide chains

–> enzyme, protein hormone

120
Q

Nucleic acids monomer, polymer, example

A

Nucleotides (A,T,C,G), DNA and RNA

–> DNA/RNA

ASCI340 (13 decks)

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