Exam #01g - General Anesthetics Flashcards
Name the (8) desirable properties of general anesthesia?
- analgesia
- loss of consciousness (not always needed)
- retrograde amnesia
- skeletal muscle relaxation (esp during surgery)
- smooth, rapid induction
- controllable concentration
- rapid termination
- wide margin of safety
What are the (2) types of general anesthetics?
- Inhaled
2. IV
Name the (2) subtypes of inhaled GA and give one example for each?
- gases - nitrous oxide
2. volatile liquids - halothane
Name the (4) subtypes of IV GA and give one example for each?
- Barbiturates - thiopental (phenobarbital)
- Benzodiazepines - midazolam (Versed), diazepam (valium)
- Dissociative - ketamine
- Miscellaneous - etomidate propofol
Name the (5) drugs that positively allosterically modulate GABAa receptor? What happens when these agents modulate GABA receptor?
- barbiturates
- benzodiazepines
- nitrous oxide
- propofol
- etomidate
enhances Cl- influx and DECREASES neuronal activity (hyperpolarizes cell)
True or False - there is a positive correlation between lipid solubility and inhaled GA activity?
True
Name (4) drugs that negatively allosterically modulate Na+ ionotropic channel? What happens when these agents modulate the Na+ channel?
- cyclopropane
- ketamine
- nitrous oxide
- xenon
these agents INHIBIT ion influx
What effect does glutamate have on a Na+ channel?
glutamate allows influx of Na+ leads to hypopolarization
What is the inhaled GA equivalent of an ED50?
MAC (minimum alveolar concentration)
List the (5) most widely used GA inhalation agents?
- desflurane
- enflurane
- halothane
- isoflurane
- nitrous oxide
Which inhalation GA agent has a rapid onset & recovery, but is PUNGENT and cannot give to children?
Desflurane
Which inhalation GA agent is a better skeletal muscle relaxant than halothane, but can cause seizures, and can cause hepatic AE after repeated administration?
Enflurane
Which inhalation GA agent would be the best choice for children?
halothane
Which inhalation GA agent may have a prolonged induction and recovery and shivering is common during recovery?
Halothane
Which inhalation GA agent is a better skeletal muscle relaxant than both halothane and enflurane, but produces significant respiratory depression?
isoflurane
Which inhalation GA agent is contraindicated in pregnant women, immunosuppressed patients, and patients with pernicious anemia?
Nitrous oxide
True or False - all potent inhalation agents can trigger malignant hyperthermia?
True - in response to anesthesia, a sudden, rapid rise in body temp occurs with signs of increased muscle metabolism
This term is defined as a state in which patients feel totally dissociated from their surroundings? Give one drug that can cause this?
Dissociative anesthesia
Ketamine - IV; negatively allosterically modulate Na+ channel
Which (2) GA IV agents have a slow onset and recovery?
Midazolam (Versed) and fentanyl
Which IV GA agent is used in balanced anesthesia and conscious sedation but show signs of marked amnesia?
Midazolam (Versed)
Which inhalation GA agent would you want to avoid in porphyrias (inherited disorder of enzymes)?
Thiopental
Which inhalation GA agent produces cardiovascular stimulation and increased cerebral blood flow?
ketamine
Which inhalation GA agent is used in induction and for maintenance?
Propofol
Which inhalation GA agent is a useful antiemetic?
Propofol
