Ex2 L8 - Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging Flashcards
The mitochondria is…
the major site of cell energy metabolism (ATP synthesis)
ATP is ——- and it provides energy because…
adenosine triphosphate, energy is stored in phosphate bonds, which break to release the energy
ATP is used to do —— in cells such as:
work, such as:
- active transport
- contraction
ATP is made in:
mitochondria (oxidative phosphorylation)
and cytoplasm (glycolysis)
What are the important points about glycolysis?
- does not consume O2 (therefore is not a source of reactive oxygen species
- does not produce CO2
- produces ATP rapidly but inefficiently (2 ATP per glucose)
What are the important points about oxidative (aerobic) ATP production?
- consumes O2
- produces CO2
- produces ATP efficiently but slowly (each pyruvate from glucose makes over 30 ATP)
——— from ——– can undergo oxidative/aerobic ATP production.
glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Oxidative/aerobic ATP production involves both —— and ——-.
the citric acid cycle (TCA)
the electron transport chain
Reactive oxygen species are produced during…
Normal O2 metabolism - oxidation-reduction reactions in the ETC produce reactive oxygen species as a normal byproduct
OR
Exposure to pollutants, tobacco, radiation, etc.
In the past it was believed that reactive oxygen species were…
the direct cause of aging
Small amount of reactive oxygen species are…
normal/expected and needed for certain functions
How do reactive oxygen species relate to aging?
- as age increases, the amount produced increases and ability to neutralize them decreases
- they accumulate, causing oxidative stress
- oxidative stress causes tissue injury and inflammation that leads to aging and age-related disease
What are the three main types of reactive oxygen species?
superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals
What does superoxide mutase do?
turn superoxide into hydrogen peroxide
What does peroxidase do?
turns hydrogen peroxide into water